to cost the Sung more.
Early in the eleventh centurya second Sino-barbarian border state
known to the Chinese as the Hsi Hsia dynasty (1028–1227) was
created in parts of NinghsiaKansu and Chinghai by the Tanguts.
The Tanguts were Turki?ed Tibetans – their name was derived from
the Turkish for Tibet – subsequently sinicized and then reTibetanized.
They were not nomadic pastoralists or transhumantsbut sedentary
pastoralists in the grasslands of the Ordos and Alashanthough they
lived for preference in forti?ed cities. Their state originated in asso-
ciation with the Chinese defence system in the early Silver T’ang
periodwhen Tibet was an expanding and aggressive power. It only
reached full autonomy and ascendancy in the northwestwhere
ChineseTibetanTurkish and Mongol cultures metunder Li
Te-ming (1004–1032) and Li Yüan-hao (1032–1048) while the Sung
were preoccupied with the Khitan. Unlike the Khitanthe Tanguts
even when at their most powerful they moved westwarddid not
howeveruse the
ordo system. They were heavy rather than light
cavalry menmailed knights like those of the Iranian world. More-
overdespite the multiethnic character of their statethey did not
operate parallel or ,
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