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medieval medieval Europe (Middle Ages) (about AD 476 ~ 1453 AD), is an era in European history (mainly Western Europe), the Western Roman Empire (AD 476) a few years later, in the world, the feudal system, the dominant period, until the Renaissance period (AD 1453), the period until the rise of capitalism. This period is not a strong European power to rule. Feudal separatism brought frequent wars, resulting in stagnation of science and technology and development of productive forces,
air force one high, the people living in hopeless misery, so the Middle Ages or the early Middle Ages in Europe generally called slow period.
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Introduction to economic, military and religious history and culture for the first time of a pandemic disease pandemic, the second profile
Medieval History, also known in ancient history, the concept of different medieval world understanding of the history of the start and end years are also different. A cap on the traditional country of 476 years of the Western Roman Empire, the lower limit for the 1640 bourgeois revolution in Britain, this is the revolutionary seizure of power as the standard dash, is more than not. Now the late 15th century textbooks, as the lower limit of the great geographical discovery, but the maximum remains the fifth century. The formation of the feudal system, development and dissolution of the main line of European history during this period. But the world is the uneven development of feudal society, when Western Europe has just entered the 5th century, when feudal society, China already has completed more than 500 years ago, 1,000 years of feudal history. (Note: this typical. This social is consistent with the European feudal society) Another view: until the 9th century AD, the vast majority of Late Antiquity (Late Antiquity) by St. Augustine scholars view that the history of mankind is in the sixth stage and final stage, the fourth-century Italian Renaissance humanists Petrarch invented. He traveled in Europe to re-discover and publish the classic Latin and Greek works that aims to restore the classical Latin language of Rome, art and culture, from the year four hundred and ten changes since the fall of Rome and what happened, that is not worth studying. Humanists do not look at history by Augustine's religious terminology, but by the community (school) term, namely, by the classical culture, literature and art to look at history; so the classical humanist culture of this 900-year period of stagnation on the development of known as the Petrarch the history of Europe is divided into two stages: First, during the Roman and Greek; second is the Humanists also believe that one day the Roman Empire will rise again to regain the purity of classical culture. The late 14th century and early 15th century, humanists believe that a modern period (Modern Age) has already begun, so logically speaking, a Therefore, starting from the humanists, historians of the In the 16th century and 17th century Protestant Reformation of Christianity, the Protestants also written into the corruption of the Catholic Church in this period of history. Accusations against the Protestants, the Catholic reformers were also given one with the While the Early 19th century Romantic movement into this on the It gives a picture of harmony: social and environmental harmony, rooted in the nature of life; but also in response to the Enlightenment rationalism of a rational approach goes well beyond the emotional, as well as by the emerging industrial revolution brought environmental damage and pollution. Romantic treatment of the
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Romantic movement after the second half of the 19th century, archaeological taken a lot of progress, many not previously known to scholars of historical documents and relics were excavated and sorted out. The discovery in 1939, around 625 AD Sutton epiphyseal (Sutton Hoo) Baoku, and the eminent scholars of medieval studies Charles Haskins (Charles H. Haskins) study found, the an appropriate vocabulary. After the middle of the 20th century, in the English-speaking countries of the professional scholars in literature, the Charlie Haskins wrote: then stagnated; Renaissance is not so bright, it is not so sudden. Italian Renaissance before, there is a similar movement, even if it is not so widely spread. Therefore, the original years (or 455) to AD 754 (or 800) during European history. History as the Western Roman Empire was destroyed by the Germans, have appeared a number of barbarian country. successively Frank, Lombard, Aoduo Ya grams, Burgundy, Alan Vandals, the East Goths, Visigoths, Anglo-Saxon kingdom so established. wars between the Kingdom, of which Anglo-Saxon, Frankish kingdom existed a long time. as one of the Germanic Franks, defeated the Gauls in 486 troops, from Clovis to establish the rule of Mexico Loewen dynasty. Clovis and the Holy See through the joint, the occupation of the Roman Empire in Gaul the whole territory. With the continued Frankish Kingdom The expansion, to the mid-6th century, conquered Burgundy, Thuringia, Bavaria and some of Sa can be Morrison tribes, became the most powerful country in Western Europe, and the establishment of the feudal fief system. 751, Temple Pi phase dwarf level as the Frankish king, established the Carolingian dynasty. the strength to reach its height during the reign of Charlemagne, annexed the Lombard kingdom, to win the Spanish border, occupied East Bavaria, conquered Avar Khanate, Western Europe, most of the land have become the Frank territory of the Kingdom. Charlemagne died, the Frankish kingdom split occurred brothers war, in the 843 in August signed a Territory is to the treaty-based. Germanic Anglo another one, Saxons, Jutes in the 5th century into the middle of the British Isles, in the late 6th century, 7 World
William the Conqueror
the early century, forming a seven kingdoms, the British history of the era known as the seven countries. 829, annexation of the Kingdom of Wes######, the other six kingdoms, was born in England (England). 1066, the French Duke of Normandy, William the families relations to inherit the throne, refused, the Battle of Hastings took place, by force of the king of the place, known as Hundred Years War resulted in the source of the future. In Henry I (1100 ~ 1135) rule, with the strengthening of royal power, social conflicts intensified. 1215 John (not to the king) was forced to sign the During the civil war, Henry III was Simon. de. Montfort prisoners. 1265 Montfort convened Congress, become the beginning of the British Parliament. From 1343 onwards, Congress divided by the nobility and the upper house composed of representatives of knights, the lower house of the people ,
nike air force 1, established a parliamentary monarchy. At the same time, evolved into the kingdom of France Xifalanke Kingdom, and to strengthen the monarchy, the Holy See was forced to move to Avignon in southern France, and top-down held three meetings (one Senior clerics, two for the nobility, three for the wealthy people), also formed a parliamentary monarchy. predecessor of the East Frankish kingdom of Germany was a strong local government. 911 years after the end of the Carolingian dynasty, the king elected by the local elite , but more is the reputation of the king's rights and equality of local leaders. This characteristic is considered to be the historian interested in the reasons for foreign expansion. 951, Otto I, his troops occupied the Lombard region, followed by Otto II into Rome. 1155 Frederick I captured Milan, for the coronation of the Pope as the Holy Roman Empire, the heyday of the German territory, including the entire territory of Italy, the northern part of Sicily, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Estonia, Prussia. In Frederick I, the joint resistance were 15 cities (ie Lombardy Union), and was defeated. Frederick I in the Third Crusade drowned, the occupied territories have gained independence. Cultural
Columbia Middle Ages Typical church glass pattern
Italy has been unable to unity, the Pope in order to maintain their independent status, the establishment of the Papal States, and forged a City, the Lateran Palace to the Pope and other places. the church is very strict rule, and the control of the Western European culture. priests can not marry, advocating abstinence, asking people to give everything to God to heaven after death, on the other hand St. the phenomenon of post sale and very serious. preach the Trinity, original sin and other scholastic philosophy, and strictly control the dissemination of scientific thought, and the establishment of the Inquisition punished heretics, school education are also in order to serve theology. the Pope and high level out in the I (590 ~ 604 years) period, the Roman libraries were burned. Reformation in Germany, the Italian Renaissance produced, and extended to many European countries. This is the emergence of a number of philosophers, writers, artists and scientists, Like Dante, Boccaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli,
air force one low, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Copernicus, Bruno, Galileo, Cape Le, Harvey, Francis Bacon and so on. the economy when the economy is mainly medieval feudal manor style natural economy. appeared a number of commercial cities: Paris,
nike air force one, Lyon, have Ernai, Marseille, Cologne, Terry Seoul, Strasbourg, Hamburg, Venice, Genoa and so on, forming a Trade Area of the Mediterranean as the center. 16 century, the rise of the handicraft workshop, first in Florence, followed by Flanders, the enclosure movement the rapid development of the British. This has accelerated the economic model of trade, which occurred in the geographical discovery, discovered the New World. handicraft workshops war also produced a leap of weapons, artillery and muskets gradually replaced the knight sword, also old The castle lost its defensive capability. The workshop gave birth to the capitalist handicraft industry in the economy. to the Middle Ages, a variety of manual trades by individual business, gradually evolved into a union, Medieval Castle
in the European feudal society, the king, nobles and feudal lords riding soil and other large and small, constitute a pyramid-like hierarchy, but their rights and obligations are limited, not my client, quite different. countries the rulers have continued to wage war, looting each other annexation, many countries have no strong unified government. feudal landowners with land ownership and exploitation of power for farmers. In Europe, the Christian Church has become a tool of feudal rule, they and to safeguard the secular feudal system feudal lords. peasants and feudal serf labor was to labor, real rent, taxes and the numerous churches No place like China many times to overthrow a dynasty, a large-scale peasant war. medieval war is the battle groups scattered by the organization, strategy and the need to use another confrontation on the battlefield mobility, conflict, and then step by step evolution of the come. a part of the evolution of the reaction in different branches of the military and weapons development, and how to use them. the early Dark Age army, a group not organized foot soldiers. when the rise of heavy cavalry, the best army is there is no organized group of knights. Act
medieval knights armor
Step soldiers along the farmland will damage the siege during the war have even greater impact. However, in the battle when the knights will trying to make enemies with them one on one fighting, and foot soldiers will caught in between the two sides of Cleveland. This tactic is actually very dangerous because the foot soldiers in the early Middle Ages, most of them are under the feudal system was called the farmers, who had no combat training. archers in the Siege warfare is applicable, but on the battlefield too dangerous to risk being eliminated. to the late 14th century, a knight commander of the discipline strengthened, so that their military cooperation team to play better. But in the British army, despite a long battle in many archers proved their worth, but the Cavaliers did not give too much attention to these shooters. discipline to more and more knights fighting for the return, a rare honor for the loyalty and combatants. In Italy, long-term operations of mercenaries known but little damage. In this period, all classes of soldiers are military assets will not be easily abandoned. This makes the pursuit of military glory of the feudal past, and gradually became concerned only about how much compensation they will receive a professional army. cavalry will be divided into three special teams or three parts, and then pick a team, a team of Xianming operations. The first wave of attacks will breakthrough or break up the enemy, then the second or third wave of attacks can be uniform. enemy once fled,
air force 1 shoes, can be killed or captured. In fact, the Cavaliers if taken personal action plan for any commander is very much harm. knights are most concerned about loyalty, honor and the riding ranks in the top position of the first team. to fight for personal glory, the victory on the battlefield instead of fully reduced to second. on the battlefield after the fighting began, not long Knight will attack the enemy they see, this way they undermine the overall battle plan. Commander, Knights under the command when necessary to remove from the right, is the best way to control them. This is the approach generally small army because very few of these knights would expect performance in combat. unloading a timely array of knights down fighting force to strengthen and boost the morale of the army general hiking. These knights and other foot soldiers, will be used in the standard slow charge Diji pile, or other field fortifications behind the operations. 1346, Chris Battle, Knights of indiscipline behavior is an example. At that time the French army outnumbered the British troops (forty thousand pairs of ten thousand), and have so many knight. British archers to long-divided into three teams, under the protection of the stake of the battlefield. In between these three teams, two teams of knights remove the horses, while the third team were unloading a horse knight retained as reserve forces. knights under the command of the king of France will be compiled into three parts group, and assigned to the employment hot that North archers to shoot the British knight, but the hunting was not the role of wet sky. In addition, the French knight Also overlooked in the organizational efforts of His Holiness, shortly after the war, saw the enemy immediately furious, mouth over and over again shouting: arrows inaccurate, then the command knights forward and down in front of them that North Crossbowmen heat. The battle lasted all day, and finally by the British knight and long archers (they keep their bow dry) defeated the fighting man on horse, but undisciplined, chaotic, the French knight. To the medieval era, heavy cavalry on the battlefield than the value of the past, a few with the projection of military forces and the foot is no different. During this period, people have to understand why the attack is still prudent deployment of the reasons for failure and the importance of infantry training. The rules of warfare has changed, stakes, horse traps, and trenches have been frequently used as a protective tool army to resist cavalry attacks. If a large number of cavalry on the various levels of spearmen and archers (or gun hand) make an attack,
nike air force one high, it will only generate a lot of injuries to horses and cavalry. Knight will be forced to fight on foot, or wait for the appropriate timing attacks. Only the enemy in the mobile, confusion, or from the temporary field fortifications to get out of the case, the devastating attacks can be effective.
Medieval religious Lateran Palace to the Pope and other places. Church is very strict rule, and the control of the Western European culture. Priests can not marry, advocating abstinence, asking people to give everything to God to heaven after death, on the other hand the phenomenon of priesthood and very serious trading. Promote the Trinity, original sin and other scholastic philosophy, and strictly control the dissemination of scientific thought, and the establishment of the Inquisition punished heretics, school education are also in order to serve theology. Listed in the Pope and high level I (590 ~ 604 years) period, the Roman libraries were burned. Launched the eight Crusades. Religious persecution of science announced since AD 312 Constantine legalized Christianity, the Christians were persecuted from the persecutors into. They are not hostile to all things biblical, including new ideas and science. Historically, a lot of great thinkers and scientists were Christians persecuted. To the Middle Ages, the Holy See was even in the 1. Copernicus: the famous Italian astronomer, with a May 20, 1543 passed away. 2. Adhere to Copernicus, much larger fire. 3. Xibotiya (375-415) is in the history of the first known female mathematician. Gibbon in exploitation of the meat from the bone down, hands and feet cut off, throw in the fire. 4. Galileo: Italian scientists. due to defend the scientific truth, and in 1633 the persecution by the Inquisition, unfortunately passed away in 1642, when their eyes blindness. 5. Greek female mathematician Haipaxiya, adhere to the dissemination of scientific knowledge, subjected to corporal punishment by a mob, put in fire. 6. Scientists Pali Xi said the fossil is an animal because the body rather than the anatomy book, digging, ten disciples were all executed. 10. Sickle: professor at the University of Paris, because the physics of speech on the so-called heretics, was beaten to death by the church. pandemic disease for the first time the first time as Justinian pandemic plague, a total of twice in 540 years, ~ 590 years. and there is no clear statistics on how many people have died, but most believe that this disease causes the eastern Mediterranean about 2,500 deaths. The plague weakened the Byzantine Empire, Charles Shiding Nepal trying to resurrect the dream of the glorious Roman Empire and therefore fail. the second time the Black Death pandemic in 1346 to 1350 large-scale attacks in Europe, led to a sharp decline in European population, the mortality rate as high as 30%. Black Death is considered to Mongolia people brought. about 1347, between the Crimea and Messina (Sicily) trade between Genoa brought the vessel to be infected black rat or flea and soon spread to Genoa and Venice, 1348 epidemic has spread to France, Spain and the United Kingdom, 1348 ~ 1350 and then spread to East Germany and Scandinavia, and finally spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. estimated that about 2,500 people died in Europe, and Europe, Asia, Africa, a total of about 5,500 million to 7,500 million people died of this disease. was unable to find drugs, use only the method of isolation to prevent disease spread. then in the fifteenth, sixteenth-century Black Death many times re-invasion of Europe; but the mortality rate and the solemn Emotion were decreased. Some people think that the Black Death hit Europe this traditional social structure, weaken the feudal forces and the Church, indirectly contributed to the later Renaissance and Reformation. word More Atlas Atlas section Open Category: culture, politics, history, Europe, world history, I have to improve the
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