Early signs of lung cancer

higher incidence of lung cancer in our country, seriously affecting the patient's life and health. What about the early signs of lung cancer, so early detection in order to seek to apply to surgery-based comprehensive treatment of lung cancer therapy the key to good results.
First, the early signs of lung cancer
Early symptoms of lung cancer, the most easily detected, and lung disease is very clear. Experts tell us that the clinical manifestations of lung cancer and cancer of the location, size, whether the oppression, invasion of adjacent organs and metastasis and so closely related.
Shortness of breath,广州肿瘤医院, pneumonia, cancer caused by obstruction, atelectasis, pleural effusion, such as diffuse alveolar disease can cause.
Cough, mostly irritating cough. Early symptoms of lung cancer is cough, is characterized mainly paroxysmal irritating cough, cough do not have the feeling of the net, usually no or only a small amount of white foam sputum sputum, purulent sputum may be secondary infection. Such as anti-inflammatory treatment after 2 weeks without improvement, should be alert to the possibility of lung cancer. Or on the basis of the original chronic cough cough nature of the change, even accompanied by Another warning of lung cancer is repeated a small amount of intermittent bloody sputum, or blood stained sputum. In addition, there thoracodorsal pain, chest tightness, fever and other symptoms.
Recommended in patients with these symptoms, go to the hospital for scientific examination, early detection and early treatment of lung cancer should be as early as the difficulty of lifting the pain of illness.
Common signs of early lung cancer early lung cancer generally does not produce symptoms, so called asymptomatic phase, the short is a few months or as long as several years, vary, patients rarely seek medical treatment at this time, so the clinical difficult to find, but some early symptoms of lung cancer dry cough, chest pain, fever, coughing up blood and other general respiratory symptoms, these symptoms with colds, bronchitis, pneumonia and other diseases to be confused, unable to draw the attention of patients. In addition to those symptoms, because lung cancer, like other nerve compression, the majority of the external signs will also be seen, patients and their families should pay more attention, and timely treatment.
Cancer violation of the vagus nerve can speed up heart rate, cardiac conduction system violation can cause arrhythmia, pericardial effusion can produce violations of the pericardium, there constrictive pericarditis symptoms.
1, through the lymphatic metastasis of lung cancer can be seen when the corresponding group of lymph nodes and adjacent parts of the corresponding parts of the pressure symptoms. Metastasis to the brain through the blood, bone, liver and other parts of the time, there are corresponding signs.
2, other signs, limb pain or enlargement clubbing, multiple neuritis, myasthenia gravis, Cushing's syndrome and male breast hypertrophy, mental disorders.
3, thick and greasy tongue coating with a multi, yellow tongue coating, followed by exfoliation, tongue cracks and prick were significantly increased. Sublingual veins exposed, large collaterals filling, small varicose collaterals, sublingual ecchymosis petechiae increased significantly.
4, looking, looking more common in patients with lung cancer, pale, dull, flushing, purple, red, such as makeup, facial crab claw pattern, dull complexion and other abnormalities, especially the Ministry of cheeks significant. Especially the zygomatic clinical stage of the crab claw pattern of increase as aggravated.
5, the limitations of wheezing: song for the unilateral nature of the limitations of asthma, especially in the inspiratory phase of wheezing, cough does not disappear, the early signs of lung cancer, but it was too short, easily overlooked.
6, oppression or violation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node metastasis (left more common) when a hoarse voice. Ipsilateral mediastinal check laryngoscopy vocal cord paralysis.
7, when the cancer pressure to catch up with the superior vena cava, common in the upper right Ye cell carcinoma, head and upper extremity venous obstruction, resulting in the head and face and upper body edema and venous engorgement, stasis (ie, superior vena cava compression syndrome).
8, apex of lung cancer called Pancoast tumor, usually caused by ipsilateral cervical sympathetic nerve compression miosis. Upper eyelid ptosis, enophthalmos, eye crack is small, less sweat and other frontal Horner syndrome.
9, brachial plexus compression caused by the ipsilateral shoulder and arm pain, can not be flattering, shoulders and fingers radioactive pain and paresthesia, muscle atrophy.
10, oppression esophagus caused by swallowing difficulties, or even a bronchial-esophageal fistula, leading to lung infections, severe airway pressure can suffocate.
11, oppression caused by the ipsilateral phrenic nerve and diaphragm paralysis increased, X-ray shows the sick side of the diaphragm bradykinesia, reduced nasal breathing with contradictions.
12, the tumor close to the pleural effusion can cause a reaction, often produces bloody invasion and pleural effusion.
Two, four lung disease and lung cancer is easy to confuse
Pneumonia
Bronchial pneumonia is generally more acute onset, fever and other more obvious symptoms of infection by antibiotic treatment the symptoms quickly disappeared, the lung disease is also rapidly absorbed. However, if the absorption is slow or recurring inflammation, should be done in-depth examination.
Pneumonia is an infectious disease can be cured by antibiotics and other treatment. However, if a part of recurrent pneumonia, lung cancer should be aroused our vigilance.
Lung cancer is lung cancer, the general performance of the lung mass,肿瘤医院, but mass is very small, imaging studies may not check out. Any foreign body or endobronchial tumor obstruction, even if it is incomplete obstruction, can lead to local inflammation of lung tissue, that is pneumonia. If a site of recurrent pneumonia, should be wary of whether it is lung cancer.
Therefore, if there is cough, recurrent pneumonia in the same position, it is strongly recommended for bronchoscopy, the early detection of lung cancer
Abscess
Necrosis of the central part of the lung, cancer of the cavity formed when liquefied, X-ray findings easily confused with lung abscess, but cases of lung abscess is often a history of aspiration pneumonia. Obvious acute signs of infection, sputum volume, purulent, the smell. X-ray film over the wall thin, smooth wall surface with liquid, the lung tissue around the abscess or pleural often inflammatory lesions.
Tuberculosis
For middle-aged pulmonary tuberculosis patients, tuberculosis and other parts of the lesion showed massive shadow, after anti-TB drug treatment did not improve lung lesions, but increases the shadow or block segment or lobe associated with lung atelectasis, hilar shadow side widened, etc., should lead to the coexistence of tuberculosis and a high degree of suspicion of lung cancer, we must further do bronchoscopy and sputum cytology screening.
Asthma
Asthma and lung cancer may have a common pathogenesis, chronic inflammation can trigger asthma produce too many free radicals, highly reactive free radicals are the body's atoms or groups of atoms to the human body, oxidation of other substances, which not only damage the genetic material, but also can promote cancer formation and development. Female patients with asthma, should be vigilant, regular review. X-ray diagnosis of lung cancer is the most important means used should be receiving a check every six months, if the merger while other typical symptoms, should be confirmed by bronchoscopy, with a view to detect lesions, early diagnosis and improve survival.
Third, how early detection of lung cancer
Special emphasis on high-risk groups, there's the first one is the heavy smoking, family history and the second immediate family history of cancer there, especially a history of lung cancer, indicating that genetic resistance to the anti-cancer substances relatively poor. In addition there are exposed to occupational pollution, for example, then a radioactive contamination in the workplace or the chemical, physical, and so will lead to cell damage long-term work such as the workplace, and also we have to regularly check. Finally speaking, if irritating cough, cough nature, of course, everyone will cough are to be persistent dry cough, yet with bloodshot eyes, this should be particularly worried, go to the hospital to be checked. Other chest pain or chest discomfort, heavy smokers, and if it is just the introduction of several high-risk groups, also need regular checks. Early detection is the need for a pattern of regular physical examination, including chest perspective, blood tests, including other appropriate testing. This can detect early lung cancer, and timely treatment.
Early detection is divided into three levels. From roughly speaking, a country to early detection of cancer, the state high-risk groups, is relatively high in areas of lung cancer, lung cancer is relatively high in the screening of the population, which is the country's behavior. We, as Internet users, as people in the country doing this work, there are at least two things to do. First, we make a healthy people should insist on an annual physical examination, which is most important. Health examination per year, while stress is the lateral chest physical examination is very important, some netizens said before I have a physical examination, physical examination is over, just do chest, does not work. Second, only according to chest X-ray positive, according to a small piece, does not work. Should also do a standard chest radiograph and lateral areas where conditions permit, conditional units, qualified people, but also suggested a spiral CT, small price to receive the radiation is very low. Third, remind us of the heavy smokers, smoking more than 20 per day or more than 20 years, these recommendations every six months in non-smoking medical areas where conditions permit, the insurance people, and recommends low-dose CT, there are many center of the low-dose CT into the normal physical examination. We also do cancer-related subject matter are necessary to check. All in all, healthy people, smokers have respiratory symptoms, these residents should be wary of lung cancer, should pay attention to health checks and to the hospital to be checked.
Early lung cancer, should pay more attention, care and conditioning of science diet, follow the doctor's treatment of the arrangements to reduce the threat of lung cancer metastasis, healthy and happy life. In addition to early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment is key to improving lung cancer.

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Five Central Asian countries means five Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, adjacent to the east of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, south of Iran, bordering Afghanistan, connecting the north with the Russian Federation the west and the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan across the Caspian sea. Five of the total area of nearly 400 million square kilometers, the total population in 1995, about 5400 million.
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Introduction to countries in case of natural geographic region I, II topography and landscape, mountains and valleys three basins, rivers and lakes, four, five desert and grasslands, climate six, seven mineral resources, population VIII, the composition of the Central Asian nation five Central Asian countries share ethnic profile of the national population, the proportion of the top five sources of information summary of the main ethnic Russians, nine, ten cases of religion, language, status November, reflecting the characteristics of the times of the cooperation model of the . Broadly, the region's ethnic Albanians by the Iranian (Azerbaijani) settlements and Russia Turks (Muslims) neighborhood, East Siberia, Mongolia, eastern, northern Afghanistan, Xinjiang and Tibet regions surround the large depth of the composition. Narrow sense, Central Asia, China and Taiwan, according to the definition of secondary school textbooks, only the five Central Asian countries, namely Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. The official definition of the Soviet Union include only the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, the Soviet Union officially known as Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Another definition is: In addition to the five Central Asian countries, also includes southern Russia. Broader Central Asia, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization's definition, in addition to the above-mentioned areas, also includes Afghanistan, China Xinjiang, Mongolia, Pakistan and Iran. Country to country in 1995, five Central Asian States Area and Population area (sq km) Population (million) Kazakhstan Uzbekistan 44.74 2300.7 1654.4 271.73 19.85 454.5 Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan 14.31 48.81 456.7 588.4 【Source: Yearbook of Asian countries 】 Which the vast territory of Kazakhstan is the other four times the total area of the Republic, the other, it is the world's largest landlocked country. The territory of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, although only 1 / 6, but it is more than the population Jinsi Cheng. Five Central Asian countries are on the physical geography, human geography and the brief history outlined below. Physical Geography on the In the Western Central Asia (Central Asia), Inner Asia (Guinea), Haute Asia (Asian hinterland), etc., in Russian with Средняя Азия (Central Asia) and Центральная Азия (Central Asia). Soviet scholars, the so-called Central Asia (Средняя Азия) generally refers to the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basin is that Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan and southern Kazakhstan, the five Central Asian countries are often called The eastern part of the five Central Asian countries west of the southern Tianshan clock is bounded by the southern mountains and the Amu Darya subjects completed the middle reach of the Red River as the source of jet sector, and Central Asia does not match the natural geographical boundaries, which is a century Russia conquered the territory of Central Asia and erode the result of western China. It has crossed the northern Kazakh steppe, deep into the southern edge of the West Siberian Irtysh River basin, and there is no consistent geographical boundaries. Only its western boundary is the natural boundary, where the east coast of the Caspian Sea, the coastline winds, the formation of some of the peninsula, islands and alluvial sand spit. On its natural and geographical landscape in roughly the southern desert, oases and mountains and the northern prairie, plains and hills, the line roughly in the Ili, Syr Darya to the Caspian Sea north shore line.
Central Range
First, the topography and landform
Lenin Peak
whole show southeast to the northwest low. Pamir region of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in the western Tianshan mountains steep, elevation of 4000-5000 meters, 7495 meters above sea level where the communist Lenin peak and peak of 7134 meters is the world's most famous mountain. Near the Caspian Sea in western Kazakhstan Audigier depression Kara land the former Soviet Union found 132 meters below sea level the lowest point. In this vast area between East and West, desert oasis at an altitude of 200-400 meters, hills, grasslands at an altitude of 300-500 meters, while the eastern mountains at an altitude of 1,000 meters. Stretching the temperate zone in Central Asia's most spectacular mountains, glaciers over 4000, with a total area of 11,000 square kilometers, the largest of which Feideqinke 71 km long glacier, which includes 33 tributaries, an area of 900 square kilometers, while the foot of the hill it is a vast expanse of the arid desert heat, desert dust smoke filled the horizon in loess gradually disappear. Chongshan basins and valleys surrounded by scattered in the vast desert in the oasis in Central Asia where the most full of vitality, which nourish the side of farmers, while the vast grasslands and the northern slopes of grass a horse ride a nation. Second, the mountains and valleys of the Pamirs in Tajikistan basin known as the It is the dominant erosion in eastern plateau and ridge topography Kong, where the relative height of the mountains is not, move slowly to the absolute height of 3500-4000 meters, sloping valleys. It is the dominant western dramatic mountain terrain cut, narrow and deep canyons. The northern margin of the Pamirs are two parallel mountain ─ ─ Alai Alai mountain ranges and the outside, from west to east tilt. Alai mountain peak in the 5301 meters in the near Higuera is divided into three parallel mountain ranges ─ ─ Turkestan, zeravshan Hill and Gissar mountain, continue westward tilt and eventually disappeared in the desert near the Samarkand oasis. From the Alai Mountains to the northeast extension of the mountains of Tianshan Mountains,
Tianshan
main peak in the western Tianshan,nike air force 1 high, China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan 6995 meters above sea level at the junction of the Khan Tengri. Khan Tengri from the west, there are two parallel sets of Tianshan offshoot ─ ─ Kungeala - Intrinsic Kyrgyz mountains and by Ter-Ala Mountain ─ ─ encircling mountain lake Issyk-Kul. Tianshan mountain pass in the port of China to the Kyrgyz special spit near Seoul Ga, have a pulse to the northwest extension of Fair sub-dry Nashan Karl Southwest Cat - Kula Ming Shan, Central Asia's most famous circle the basin dry ─ ─ Fair satisfied. Fergana Basin, 300 km from east to west, north and south 150 km maximum width, shaped like a huge oval plate, slowly from west to east tilt. Kazakhstan eastern edge of the area there are several groups of parallel mountain ranges: the Altai, Tal Bach Taishan, Ala-Shan,nike air force one, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation in the border line of the other Luha also reached 4506 meters above sea level peak. Southwestern margin of Turkmenistan in Central Asia by the Pamir mountains of Kepei Te extends to the southeast of the Hindu Kush mountains Mountains, and its peak is only 1977 meters peak Kalagula. There are several mountains in west Kazakhstan, but compared with the eastern mountains to negligible. Third, the rivers and lakes of Central Asia as a natural geographical, it is not all rivers lead to the export of ocean, river water used for irrigation in addition to being cited to go outside, or disappear in the desert, or into inland lakes. Syr Darya is the longest river in Central Asia through a total length of 3019 km (including the upper reaches of the Naryn River), originated in the western Tianshan Mountains. It irrigated oasis of Fergana and Tashkent, is the most important economic zone in Central Asia. Central Asia thousands of years of hard-working people of all full advantage of the Syr Darya and its tributaries in the water, to create a prosperous Ferghana oasis landscape: lush orchards, green fields and silver-like channel training . Total length of 2394 km Amu Darya (including Red River upstream of spray) is the most abundant river water in Central Asia, originated in the Pamir mountains, a large gap, with abundant hydropower resources, build the largest Nurek upstream hydropower installed capacity capacity of 270 million kilowatts. Syr Darya, Amu Darya river eventually into the two largest lakes in Central Asia ─ ─ Aral Sea.
Aral Sea
Aral Sea area of about 6.4 million square kilometers, according to the area, it is the world's fourth largest lake, but due to excessive abuse of the two rivers of water, the Aral Sea's water level has decreased dramatically, pessimistic considered that it would quickly disappear due to water depletion, resulting Aral Sea ecological crisis. Amu Darya and the Syr Darya River is between the zeravshan important river section, which rises Alai mountains. It nurtured the beautiful hinterland of the oasis in Central Asia ─ ─ oasis of Samarkand and Bukhara oasis, not in 克孜尔库姆 desert. Amu Darya river on the left there are two ─ ─ Kalajiezhan Gabriel River and Moore River, which originated in Iran, Afghanistan plateau, Turkmenistan, Ashgabat moisture and Mare oasis oasis. Syr Darya, the right of the Tianshan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan have originated in the two river ─ ─ Talas River and Chu River. Chu river irrigates the fertile soil near Bishkek, which in Central Asia's most beautiful mountain lake Issyk-Kul ─ ─ only 3 km west pass. Deep mountain lake Issyk-Kul Lake, the largest known depth of 702 meters, in Eurasia, after all the lakes in the Lake Baikal. Lake Issyk-Kul with its huge capacity of water affect the Lake District's climate, although it is highest in elevation of 1,600 meters,nike air force one low, but not freezing even in winter, it used In Kazakhstan there are two important things at both ends ─ ─ Ili River and Ural River. Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang Ili River rises in the depths of a total length of 1439 km, 802 km in Kazakhstan, note 入巴尔喀什 Lake. Lake Balkhash area of 1.7-2.2 million square kilometers, it is peculiar landscape: the western half of fresh water, the eastern half of salt water, during which only a very narrow channel with interlinked. Lake Stream 入巴尔喀什 at least seven major rivers in this region therefore also called Xiemilieqi (Seven River) areas. Ural River originates in the Russian Federation Nam Ou Ralph Hill, a long 1084 km in Kazakhstan, into the Caspian Sea. Caspian Sea area of 371,000 square kilometers, 28.5 meters below sea level, along with Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan, the Russian Federation of the five countries. Beyond physical geography of the Asian hinterland, rivers in the North Kazakhstan Irtysh River, rises in China's Altay mountains, carrying its tributaries ishim River, Tobol River empties into the Russian Federation of the Ob River and eventually into the Arctic Ocean. Irtysh 4248 km long, 1,400 km in Kazakhstan, it is a smooth river, water sufficient, in shipping, irrigation, urban water supply has an important economic significance. Fourth, desert and steppe desert and semi-desert and steppe occupied from the Caspian Sea to the vast area between the Tianshan Mountains. Between the Amu Darya River and the Kalajiezhan Karakum Desert (35 million square kilometers) and the Amu Darya and Syr Darya 克孜尔库姆 between the desert (30 million square kilometers) is the largest in Central Asia desert, flat, all at 300 meters above sea level, most of the sand ridge, cracking, the occlusion between the depressions and isolated hill. Extreme drought, poor, lack of vegetation, such as 克孜尔库姆 southeastern desert was called the In Kazakhstan, grasslands covered 1,200 km in length and up to 630 km hilly Kazakhstan's turgay valley, about 300 meters above sea level. Due to moisture, the Arctic Ocean, the desert hinterland of Central Asia than to wet some. In the northern plateau, between the hills and the southern desert is not 克帕克达拉 grasslands, the landscape in the steppe, semi-desert, desert transition zone. Scattered in the desert oasis, with rich cultural vegetation, its green color in the desert against the backdrop of gray and yellow background it is particularly pleasing. 1954-1960 in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, the Caspian Sea to carry out a large lowland coastal reclamation, so that it appeared in large areas of farmland, which is the human struggle with nature to create new geographic landscape. Fifth, the hinterland of the climate in Europe and Asia, especially in the southeast edge of high mountains blocking the Indian Ocean, the Pacific warm and humid air, the region's temperate climate is typical of desert, steppe continental climate, its outstanding features are: first, the water scarcity extremely dry. 300 mm annual precipitation usually less, near the Aral Sea and the desert of Turkmenistan is only 75-100 mm of annual precipitation, and annual precipitation is 1,000 mm in mountainous areas, the southern slope of Fergana Shanxi and even up to 2000 mm, but rainfall of less than mountains and some desert areas, such as the Pamir's annual precipitation is only 60 mm; second, adequate sunlight, evaporation. Per square centimeter of the ground in Central Asia as the square of solar radiation given annually 10-13 million calories in Turkmenistan is almost 16 million cards. Science test, 40 degrees north latitude in central Asia where the summer sun exposure is not less favorable than those granted to the tropical regions. Very dry air and high temperatures caused a large number of evaporation, evaporation of the Amu Darya delta on the surface amounted to 1798 mm, the rainfall here is great than 21 times; Third, dramatic temperature changes. Many places during the day and night minimum temperature of the maximum temperature can be the difference between 20-30 ℃. In the Pamirs there are diurnal temperature range 40 ℃ records. Kazakhstan to Turkmenistan from the northern tip of the southernmost, spanning 57 degrees north latitude to 35 degrees, the performance by the temperate cold temperate to subtropical transition, in the summer in July, in addition to mountainous areas, the average temperature is generally between 26 ℃ to 32 ℃, and In the winter of January, average temperatures from the northern to the southern tip of the -20 ℃ 2 ℃ transition. Sixth, a variety of mineral resources, mineral-rich,air force one low nike, especially in Kazakhstan, a relatively complete variety, proved reserves of 162.4 billion tons of coal (1972), concentrated in the Karaganda branch, Aiji Ba, Masituzi, Tours cover, at Lanqi Ke, Chu River, Ili large coalfields. In addition, iron ore, manganese, copper, potassium and other minerals, including chromite proven reserves of 2 million tons, second only to South Africa, Zimbabwe ranks third in the world. Kyrgyzstan's non-ferrous metals, ferrous metals, especially rare metals mercury, antimony reserves are considerable. Uzbekistan's mineral resources, mainly copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten ore. Central Asia is the world's reserves of oil and natural gas resources one of the most abundant oil resources, mainly in the east coast of the Caspian Sea and the lake. In addition, Fergana and Bukhara and Khiva oil are rich in natural gas storage. However, the oil and gas reserves in Turkmenistan, the most abundant and Kazakhstan. Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan's abundant hydropower resources, especially in Tajikistan over 64 million kilowatts of hydropower resources. VII, population in the region of topography and other factors and economic development of its population distribution and composition of the salient features are: first, the population density is very small, only 12 people per square kilometer. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, where only 6.1 per square kilometer and 7.2 people, compared with only a dense population of Uzbekistan, to 51.4 people; second, population distribution is extremely uneven. 1-2 persons per square kilometer mountain, in the Karakum desert, desert and central Kazakhstan 克孜勒库姆 almost virtually uninhabited desert, and cities around the oasis, and a large population density, such as dry affluent Fair satisfied up to 300-400 people per square kilometer basin. Kyrgyz capital Bishkek, Chu River basin, where the territory of the Republic only 1 / 12,nike air force one high, has concentrated 35% of the population of the Republic; Third, the high birth rate and natural growth rate. Central Asian countries in general in the birth rate more than 30 ‰, the natural growth rate of around 25 ‰. This situation and the situation of the world's least developed countries, similar to its level of economic development is inappropriate; Fourth, this century, especially in the past three decades, the absolute increase in population rapidly. In Kyrgyzstan, for example, 90 years of this century the population increased by 5.6 times, almost three decades the population has doubled, the absolute population increase of 200 million. Uzbekistan is also true for the 500 million people in 1959, doubled in 1979, reaching 10.5 million in 1989, nearly 20 million, and nearly doubled; Fifth, this century has come a long way since the development of urbanization. Urban population increased from the original 10% to 40%, of which Kazakhstan, the highest level of urbanization in some areas, such as Karaganda, Jerzy Katz Ganzhou, Manggis sets the state of urban residents accounted for the total population of these states 80-90%. 70 years before the growth of the urban population of immigrants mainly from Europe, 70 years after the main factors of population movements within the Republic. However, some areas in Central Asia, such as Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, because of the rural population natural growth rate much higher than the natural growth rate of urban population to move out of Russia in recent years, the proportion of urban population decline. VIII, ethnic composition of Central Asia sub-junior national profile of this century, the major nation of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Karakalpakstan and other Native peoples. Soviet period, as the Central Asia the development of socialist economic construction, a large move into Russia and other Slavic people, in addition to some peoples, such as the Tatars, Germans, Koreans are forced means to move the Administration into Central Asia. Currently, the Central Asian republics have become multi-ethnic country. The Soviet Union in 1989, according to census data, in Central Asia more than 130 life size people. Constitute the five Central Asian country's main ethnic groups are: Native peoples that is the subject of the Republic and the Russian nation, the Republic of the table is about the most populous of the five national accounts for the proportion of the total population of the Republic: five Central Asian countries accounted for five bit country name of national proportion of the population of Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Central Asian nation
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(1996 years) (1994) (1994) (1994) (1990) A Kazakh 48.1% Uzbekistan 73% of the Kyrgyz 56.5%, Tajik 65% Turkmenistan 72% of the two Russian 34.1% Russia 8% Russia 18.8%, Uzbek 26% Russia 10% of the three Ukrainian 4.9%, Tajik 5% Uzbek 12.9% Russian 2% Uzbek 9% in four of Germany 2.4% 4% Ukraine 2.1% Kazakhstan 1.4%, Kazakh 3% Tatar five Karakalpakstan Uzbekistan 2.3% 2% 1% Germany 1.3%, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan 1% AH Nissan Nazarbayev waiting Source: Summary can be seen from the table, the sum total of all these peoples, the Republic of about 90% of the total population. Here again a simple analysis of the main national situation with the Russians. The main national body only Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan National absolute majority (2 / 3). Kazakh in Kazakhstan in 1959 accounted for 30%, 36% in 1979, until 1989 to reach 39.7%, becoming one of the country's most populous nation, but have not yet reached the simple majority of the total population (1 / 2 .) After Kazakhstan's independence, the establishment of a In recent years, some measures taken to calling outside the Kazakh people But the country's economic development and recession, people are not very attractive on the outside of Kazakhstan, at the expense of non-Kazakhs in particular Russia's interests may force the acceleration of the loss of these people, it will not only result in Ethnic and social tensions unrest, the Republic and would seriously undermine economic development. Currently, the country is adjusting its national policy to prevent a technical and managerial capacity of the Russian home. According to official reports Kazakhstan, Kazakh in early 1996 the country accounted for more than half of the total population, which amounts to more than 800 million people. This means that, since the 8-year period 1989-1996, population increased by more than 170 Kazakh million people, or an annual increase of more than 20 million people. Russian Communist Russia, five in Central Asia about 1,000 million, of which about 600 million people living in Kazakhstan, especially in the city. In Kazakhstan, a large proportion of several northern states. Russians nearly three decades in some countries the absolute increase in population, it accounts for the proportion of the total population of the Republic has decreased year by year. Such as Uzbekistan, Russia in 1970 to 1.473 million from the increase to 1.624 million in 1989, but the population rose from 12.5% to 8%; Kyrgyzstan, the Russian people by the 1959 62.4 million to 940,000 in 1990, but the proportion of the population fell to 21.5% from the 30.2%. Russians accounted for five Central Asian countries in the region 20% of the total population, accounting for living in the post-Soviet Russia outside the Russian Federation of 40%. Therefore, the status of Russians in Central Asian countries, not only the most important of these countries, the national issue, but also the Russian Federation, relations with these countries, one of the most important. Nine, five Central Asian countries the religious situation is multi-religious Muslim dominated areas. Main ethnic Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Tajiks are Muslims people. In addition, where people living in Karakalpakstan, Uighur,air force 1 high, Dungan, Tatars also belong to the Muslim nation. Islam the masses of these peoples, so far the number of believers in its population still occupies a large proportion. Islamization of Central Asia almost a millennium of history. After the October Revolution, the Soviet government in the implementation of religious freedom, has always recognized religion is the most conservative social ideology, 70 years, the anti-religious propaganda, atheism propaganda and communist ideology as an important task in the field. Through the efforts of several generations of communists, the Islamic religious thought in Central Asia increasingly diluted, especially in the religious ideas have been indifferent to the Kazakhs, the Kyrgyz people even more so. How many followers in Central Asia is still a clear problem, the official statistics have not been so, it has never published these figures. Some sociologists provided some figures, but a far cry (from the Muslim population in the 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 to 80%). Because there is no scientific basis, it is difficult to say which figure is more accurate. It should be noted that the post-Soviet Central Asian Islamic religious thought in a civil war with strong religious overtones. Although the Central Asian governments to implement more liberal religious policy, but has remained strongly opposed to the position of religious intervention in politics. Central Asia, the vast majority are Sunni Muslims, and only a small number of Tajiks are Shiite Muslims. In addition, Central Asia, Russian, Slavic language family there are a considerable number of residents of the Orthodox Christians, there are some people Catholic, Protestant and Jewish, the small number of believers. Ten, the language situation of the Central Asian nation has its own language. All-Union census of 1989 showed that native speakers of the national language more than 90%, but this did not accurately reflect the actual situation of language use. Kazakh of Kazakhstan, for example, official statistics say that 99.6% of the Kazakh-speaking Kazakh, 62.8% of the Kazakh Russian fluent second language acquisition. However, the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev has written that do not speak Kazakh, or on the mastery of the poor. grandfather has with his own mother tongue can not talk to the grandson. Ethnic communicative. This provision caused the Russian people uneasy, statistics show that Russia, Kazakhstan, 6.22 million people only 0.9% of the people to master a second language fluency in Kazakh language. Kazakhstan adopted in 1995 a new constitution, though not specifically granted Russian the status of second national language, but the provisions of national organizations and local institutions, like the Russian and Kazakh languages can be equal to officially use. At present, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, the use of Mandarin is better than Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, but the Russian language in these countries can also be widely used. XI, reflecting the characteristics of the times of the cooperation model of the Its original intention to increase China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan military trust in border areas to seek common border of peace. To this end, the early 20th century, early 90s, China and the beginning of the four countries that border the border area of disarmament and the strengthening of mutual trust in military talks. Positive progress in the negotiations, based on the April 26, 1996, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan met in Shanghai for the first time heads of state signed the April 24, 1997, the five heads of state held its second meeting in Moscow, signed the It is these two agreements in accordance with the guiding principles and spirit of China and Russia lead in resolving the legacy of the western section of the Sino-Russian border. Kazakhstan 1,700 km length of the border issues have been fully resolved. Basically solved in Kyrgyzstan more than 1,000 kilometers between the two countries long border problems. In the two countries have also decided not to reach agreement on the boundaries of the lot to continue negotiations to seek a mutually acceptable solution. Also among the five countries in the field of military mutual trust and communication to reach an important consensus: Five mutual commitment to reduce military forces in border areas, it is only a defensive; mutual non-use of force or threat of force, not to seek unilateral military superiority; exchange of important military situation in the border areas, each invited to observe military exercises, to prevent dangerous military activities, to strengthen the friendly exchanges between the military. The signing of two agreements with important political and military significance. It marks the security cooperation as the principal axis of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan met in Shanghai in the birth mechanism, which is known as the After nearly five years of efforts, the mutually beneficial cooperation; from the five heads of state meeting mechanism, the development of five government security, defense and foreign senior officials to form a multi-level meeting mechanism of the field; from the initial development of bilateral cooperation in a multilateral cooperation mechanism. In recent years, international terrorism, religious extremism and national separatism, represented by the . July 1998, the August 1999, during a meeting in Bishkek, the five heads of state that July 2000, the Dushanbe meeting published The three summit have emphasized: the parties Five of the Afghan military and political confrontation continued deeply concerned to actively support a political solution to Afghan conflict, the United Nations in the efforts and leading role. China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, the four countries has been actively supporting the peace process in the country and national reconciliation efforts. Five has also repeatedly called for a peaceful solution to the Kashmir dispute, Nagorno - Karabakh conflict and supported the Russian leaders to address the approach taken by the Chechen problem. Some observers believe that the To promote security cooperation must deepen economic, trade, science and technology, culture and other fields. At present, energy and transportation cooperation as the main content of trade and economic cooperation among the five countries is gradually advancing, the five countries in tourism, environmental protection, water resources, health care, social security and other fields has also been launched, the Dushanbe summit also decided to vigorously promote cultural cooperation among the five countries. Obviously, a good regional cooperation, the momentum of rapid development has been formed. Cooperation in various fields necessary requirement for a multi-level mechanism of regular meetings. Five years, in addition to the annual meeting of Heads of State, the five heads of government meeting will be held this year. Five Defense Minister, Foreign Minister, head of security and other law enforcement agencies have begun to hold regular ministerial meetings, and soon will also hold economic, trade, culture department's regular meetings. 1998 Welcome to the region, all countries interested to participate in this process. Do statement yet, heads of state will meet again in Shanghai, Uzbekistan will also participate in meetings. The meeting will identify the President Jiang Zemin in July 2000 the seek to go beyond the Cold War mentality, explore a new type of state relations, a new security concept and a new model of regional cooperation, providing important experience. can say, 'Shanghai Five' mechanism of the birth of the 20th century, 90 years half of the international relations major events. ' Shanghai Five 'course of development reflects the distinctive characteristics of the times a kind of spirit, that is: good-neighborliness and mutual trust, equality and mutual benefit, solidarity, cooperation and common development. We must constantly sum up experience and improve the mechanism so that this historical process can promote regional and world peace and stability play a more important role. stability, peace and prosperity is playing an increasingly important role. First, it strengthened the mutual trust among the five countries and cooperation among the five countries to gradually resolve the contradictions and disputes; Second, it allows the five countries to work closely together to fight against ethnic separatism, religious extremism and international terrorism and transnational crime to ease the Ministry of the five domestic instability, and thus deter the external forces on the penetration and the impact of the five countries; third of the five countries to actively promote the peaceful settlement of various conflicts, but also the five countries outside of the unrest in Central Asia point reconciliation offensive formation, is conducive to the cause of peace and development in Central Asia. However, the At present, although the overall international situation is easing, but the world is not peaceful, hegemony and power politics are still a new development. Some people adhere to the international atmosphere, destroy a number of regional and national peace or reconciliation process. Individual countries to seek hegemony, at the expense of the global strategic balance, trying to establish a national missile defense system, the result will inevitably lead to a new round of global arms race and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. These acts constitute a great challenge to global peace.