Zhuantie - Yao Guohua Beijing University lecture -

Yao Guohua: Peking University lecture - for centuries the Chinese concussion
Students, Good nightfall! (Applause.) I thankful that Hunan would give me such a culture of chance, I was yet a Peking University, the fourth bbs on the stand. The publicity is the best, just the beginning, very few people, it is providential that, later, people slowly began to rise. This time, I will be in Beijing to do a voyage of different array of university lectures at Peking University today, entitled Some key issues.
emotional words were some, I think that a hundred years, the Chinese people on the road toward modernization, as a nation, our entire intellectual, including Thinking those thoughts masters, including the fashion of today's scholars have thought, are thinking there may be a huge trap. I call this thinking is called I will start with three concepts unravel the specifics of such thinking. In my paperback This traps a large extent, hindered the modernization of the Chinese people on the road ahead. Some concepts may be the most basic, most people do not doubt, they are precisely the trap. In my attitude, all issues in China today, all the traps of these concepts are related.
Today I talk about the three concepts. The first concept is the
the past half century, the Chinese social science books, on the description of Chinese history, if left feudal term, may not differentiate the. (Laughter) We put a very long period of China as a traditional feudal society. However, the feudal term, it expressly, is a simple common-sense errors. Until a few years ago, a famous thinker of China Mr. Li Shenzhi, and only then out of this error revealed: half a century, Chinese people use the term feudalism, in the case is wrong. This one of the words, what went wrong? Very simple. Feudal, in Chinese, or even in Western terms, it is mean Emperor abolished field system, the establishment of a centralized system, this action is to abolish the feudal system. In other words, as early as two thousand years ago, the demise of feudalism. However, our textbooks, that we are not back to the university entrance exam test into high educate textbooks mention, (mirth) clearly and simply told us, the emperor established a feudal system. The truth is: the Chinese emperor to devastate the feudal system. This is simple common sense of history, but a couple of decades, the Chinese people in the use of the term feudal has not been aware of the wrong. And this is not just a word the wrong question, and if so, it effortless to handle, we established by usage, the word has a new meaning to replace it with another age word meaning. The problem is one of the words in the wrong way, wrong way of thinking behind. Once caught in this error, we have no way to turn over the idea.
where this mistake get down to? In truth, the centralized system and the feudal system was originally a opposites, to a massive amplitude, since the era from the Qin Shi Huang, China's social position in terms of political alternatively economic perspective, is not feudalism, but closer to Western capitalism. If we say that the system of the Chinese two thousand years to make a approximation with the Western system, we will find that China's feudal society many favor the Western, prefer like the Western capitalist society. Just dream, in China, the owner of the land is freely sold, the landlord can be hired, the wealthy can open banks, etc., which are associated with Western capitalist society is exceedingly close. In fact, the so-called seeds of capitalism in China two thousand years, there has been. Chinese capitalism is no began to burgeon from the Ming and Qing dynasties, on the contrary, from the emperor alternatively even earlier, China's farming to embryonic capitalism, while China's commerce has been very well developed.
Why say more than two thousand years, our nation is feudal society? error from the Opium War a hundred years ago. Westerners in China were vanquished, and we do not understand how he has been defeated, we were stunned. At first, we were defeated by Western guns, and after, we were defeated the whole system of Western China's civilization can not find the coordinates, not clear instruction. Nineteenth centenary, the collapse of entire civilization of China, and began re-looking orientation of the course. This is like, what a person is kick into a mighty concussion, they do not know the direction, no time, no space, the traditional system and coordinates all civilization collapsed. At this time, China found that only one is still spirited forward the front of the power of wading, this state is a concussion. We've discerned the movie, battle, guns horrify some people are after, loss of memory, do not know who he is, come, then, how should we do? Ability he had felt the plane, let him get the coordinates of thought It just makes him emulate the activities of normal eyes. This is the concussion.
hundred years ago, Chinese people by Westerners after a comprehensive defeat, began to believe that the whole world with the direction of the evolution of one greenback, with a single progressive styles. Westerners in this direction, Chinese people went fairly fast, went to the extent of this development forward. The civilization of mankind will move forward along this upward trend, but different nations, rise of civilization in different points on the chain. Chinese people here, in front of Westerners in Chinese, but we are more backward than the Cambodian people in the back of the Chinese people, and China Orogen in more minorities behind. (Laughter) That is, different peoples along the same direction, but different points in the direction of the forward development.
We know thatthe early twentieth century, there is a thought, the influence of the Chinese people is enormous. Hu Shih's name to reflect it in the intellectual tendencies. Fitness of the name, is based on Darwin Hu, At that time, the shock of mutation in China also. Chinese were stunned to find their own causes for being beaten, to dodge being beaten anew, how should we do? One explanation tells us that China was beaten because of China's backwardness, or beaten, how do? Up along that road along and grab up with the West. The idea, once people see wish for China, the Chinese people ambition to push forward to retrieve. At this time, the Chinese people give themselves to find a situation, but this positioning to establish a unified development in the history of the logic on, it is believed that each nation will evolve along the same direction. The theory of evolution, is based on social Darwinism, and since then we have these ideas: history is ongoing, old is forward, society is formative, but the upward trend is the only direction.
this concept, in fact, put the path taken by the West, as all mankind is leap to experience the road, the West today is our morrow, that what we are today? According to this logic, of course, is where we are today the West yesterday. Yesterday was the feudal society of Westerners, naturally, two thousand years, the Chinese do not develop, because we are in the feudal society. We say that China has long feudal society, it is not from experience, not from facts, not from the situation in China, but from a simple logic of: Yesterday, the West is today, yesterday, the West is in the feudal society, then we are in two thousand years of feudal society. In concussion of the situation, completely lost his memory, loss of time and space, loss of self-coordinate, then, feudalism, there is no reason such a concept, the Chinese dominated nearly a century.
behind this logic, but also reinforces the reasons that we believe: the history of mankind in the same direction looked back. Of course, today, a little bit of biological knowledge of the people kas long asSocial Darwinism is really a misunderstanding of Darwin. Darwinian evolution of life does not agree to have a unified direction. Biological Science tells us that a tree showing evolutionary development of logic, simply did not exist, said: who is the most advanced, cheap level of great monkeys, orangutans, and then the lower level, followed by monkeys, mammals in general and then cheap level, followed by forward, are reptiles, small insects. According to this logic, it will produce a hideous reasoning: we are human beings, monkeys yesterday, yesterday is yesterday, orangutan; gorilla is not satisfied, it is said that he orangutan today, tomorrow can evolve into monkeys, the day after tomorrow become a person; monkeys to be outdone, said it will presently tail off into apes, and then forward progress, one day become adults; mice also not compliant to do a lifetime rats, the animals will have to do it governor, do the ape, the final evolution of adults; or even a pig are not willing dismemberment, one day, it should become a person. (Laughter) a little mutual sense will know biology, Darwin's theory of evolution is not talked about what it means. He believes that the final does not exist, the most advanced state of evolution, but it, Social Darwinism and the common mode of thinking of Chinese people have told us: there is a human development in the same direction, there is a final state. And, we kas long asprimitive society, slavery society, feudal society, capitalist society, socialist society, such a development logic, a completely invented in the Stalin era the theory of communism is not the original intent of a thing, dominated today's thinking. The term feudal error on the error itself is not the word, the key is to reinforce the logic behind the words: it tells us that the entire human civilization has a single coordinate system, it is standard modern Western standards, the final analysis, is a
second words, but also we are always in use, and, do not think it is wrong, this is
fact, backward the Enlightenment, but likewise a cerebral trap. If the feudal cage behind the term, if not a tiny of people, we will be competent to sense, then, the word enlightenment behind the trap, even more obscure. I have just said, including Mr. Li Shenzhi, although he pointed out the errors in the feudal term, but he likewise believes that the Chinese people need enlightenment. The term feudal
word enlightenment, there are some very alike things, the trap is also very alike. French, the British concept of the Enlightenment, and the Chinese, the word enlightenment, very close, they are referring to: people in a dingy edge, to get light, to civilization, from ignorance to enlightenment, which called the Enlightenment. This is like a house, dark, and we open the windows, so that light brights in, the light is a character of smart, intelligent, civilized, advanced and knowledge, which brights in our Heart of Darkness. But hey, the French Enlightenment's first term, in the sense that they were, the use of the knowledge of enlightenment, not give them the outside world, not the external light of the good fortune of civilization. Perhaps the excellent French Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire, the antique Chinese civilization, will be the envy of the light, but they do not believe that French mores itself is dark, to wait for the transformation of Eastern civilization. Later, after detailed inquiry I will.
the eighteenth century, many French Enlightenment thinkers do engage that China is a polite country, Asians are too great. Voltaire once said this: When we Europeans are still roaming the jungles of the Apennines, when the time is still nascent, east of civilization has evolved to unimaginable levels. East to the vast Chinese emperor ruled in array. China's agreeable and orderly as a kin full of love, emancipation, parity and fraternity in the family of the Emperor of China. Emperor towards his subjects, like his dad remedied his son like that kind. In France the concept of many Enlightenment thinkers, the Enlightenment is the source of the East light, shine the light of the Chinese Western. But in fact, we should also see, when the French Enlightenment, when the British, Americans and Germans are yearning for China, their yearning and ambition for the West today, look forward to the Western civilization Enlightenment in China, there are fundamentally different. Where is it different? Longing for the East Europeans that year, is a complicated company, and the Orient, because of penniless roads, needy information, so they the East, largely, is the concept of the Orient in my mind is their own imagination East, rather than the real Orient. Because the actual eastern, too far away from them, so that they can only activity his own ideas, contrived an oriental. This is like you in an immediate fancy to a beauteous girl, but can not you see her then, but always memorize her, even in a dream to see her, but she was in your heart, the more the real feud between her to the greater of the. Precisely because of distance, can emancipation of your imagination, you can make its own full of initiative, so that you look forward to the idol, and real, she is different from the situation.
back to the issue of the Enlightenment, the West advocating the East, that is the transformation of Chinese civilization with Western culture,Womens Lacoste Shua Trainers, in fact, they are themselves transform themselves. That is, true enlightenment, not the Westerners out of the light to shine through their own, but on the contrary, they are self-awareness. Seminars in other causes, I have talked about, the source of Western culture, is more, the ancient Greek philosophy, Jewish faith, the Christian civilization. Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, etc. are a natural state of Western germination. Westerners true enlightenment, not by the outside light to light them, but with their own light shine, with the awakening of his inner wisdom to change.
visible, the aboriginal definition of the word enlightenment, not what we comprehend as surface. In this regard, the term can refer to the meaning of the German Enlightenment. It is with the English, French, Chinese, not the same as the Enlightenment. In German, refers to self-enlightenment and self-growth and development progress. It can be said to be more truly express the aboriginal definition of the Enlightenment. But then, today, most Chinese people comprehend the Enlightenment are: the status of the Chinese people is ignorance, and urgent need to transform themselves in the outside light. To put it bluntly, that many intellectuals advocating the enlightenment, is thought to be advanced to the West to reform the Chinese people. This enlightenment is the proclivity to wishful thinking, is the so-called advanced indoctrination of our brain, let us into the light, this enlightenment, the Enlightenment and the West is quite assorted from the original. In this circumstance, the so-called bright people to become slaves, subject to its disposal, the so-called light in front is only a tool, an object is modified. The guiding ideology of the Enlightenment, had possibly resulted in today's China, many passive, beaten and mediocrity. More and more Chinese people lack creativity, more loss of identity, more active capacity without increasing the vitality of its own collapse.
good, I continued a third term,
I'm terrified, is very few people doubt that behind the modern term, but also a trap. However, the trap behind the word is very clear. Slight sense of Chinese language students should know, what is So, modern means, now is not the modern Chinese people, China is still in the ancient times, all of you, 4 April 2004 the team of Beijing University students, not the modern, the ancient people. (Laughter.) Now is not the Chinese people is a modern, can only be regarded as ancient, ancient Chinese people to move towards modernization, which there is a time of confusion. What we call That both believe that the Americans, Germans, French, British in order to be counted as present now, they have the right to say: I am in the modern and contemporary Chinese people, only about their antiquity. This thinking led to our Chinese people must coordinate their time to annul.
amplified see, I think, the twentieth century, the field of human thought there is a very dramatic compare. What is it? The last century, that is, 1905, Einstein fired in the natural sciences an unprecedented revolution. This revolution can be summarized as: Science and the revolution within the context of the concept of time, destroying the single, total,Lacoste Carnaby Trainers, one dollar of the time coordinate, into plural, each substance has its own coordinate system, the time coordinate. This means that the time to be a relating of coordinates. Time from the physical system can not exist, there is no one absolute, the only coordinate system. Einstein absolute time and space to guide the changes to the relative time and space. However, also in the twentieth century, in the field of human social life, in the social sciences classification, there is the opposite transformation. At first, most sociologists each nation has its own independent time coordinates, each nation has different historical Annals usages, such as lunar almanac, the Gregorian calendar, almanac, and so on. Gradually to it, evolved into a unified, centralized, absolute time coordinates. When the last daytime of the appearance of the twentieth century, when the whole world to do this and rue; when the twenty-first century, when the sun first rises, people approximately the world felt different. At this time, I want to ask a answer, the daytime at one time, actually different? In fact, no different, only the casual set of Western Manuscripts, resulting in the special day. The time and space, production people around the world are chasing the same time and space, and natural sciences opposite the relative time and space. Albert Einstein once asked a youth man, said he was too esoteric abstract theory of relativity, Albert Einstein called renowned and interesting example: If you are faced with a wordy stop, slurred speech grandmother when At this time, a minute is like an hour; whether you talk to a loved one together, an hour like a minute so short. This is relative. It tells us that time is different for each of the cardinal state to determine, does not exist between the different subjects the same time an absolute concept. However, since the end of the twentieth century, we are erection in the areas of social life, the only space-time coordinates. This is the
On this point, someone put a more radical, such as the National Taiwan University, a instructor of philosophy, named Wang Xiaobo, I have had with him a dialogue. I talked about the confusion behind these three words, Professor Wang agreed with many of my outlooks, whatsoever, the word for enlightenment, he did not agree with me. He said the word feudal is levied on the Third International Communist Chinese people; and modernization of the term imposed on the CIA around the world. (Laughter) this sentence, I was sounded, and found it very interesting. Later, I looked about and found what he says really has some foundation in fact. That year, the Comintern's Eastern Executive Director, to make North Korea, China, Vietnam and other countries follow him, said: community development, is a prehistoric society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and socialist society has been growing up, China is still in the feudal society, the West is already a capitalist society, and senior than you, and we the Soviet Union, has gone further capitalism to the socialist stage, I'll leave it in the end is to go along with the West or to follow we go from here? can go along with others, but we go along, you can bound level. China, one would like, since you can bound a course, we followed the Comintern walking up. (Laughter) So, we positioned itself as a feudal society, under the leadership of Big Brother in the Soviet Union, toward the direction of communism. On the modernization of the word, there is such a thing. The forties of last century, the United States in Asia Foundation, is still there, it funded a third world meeting. Conference venue is situated in Seoul, South Korea, the theme of modern problems. From this appointment, a modern term, has been widely recognized by people around the world. Asia Foundation, the backdrop is the United States Central Intelligence Agency, the U.S. aim was to lead the world in cultural trends, how to lead it? Year, the Spanish conquest of a place, where should the Iberian of; the British conquest of a place where , where should the English of; Dutch conquest of a place, where the Netherlands take of; the French conquest of a place, where the French make of; German conquest of a place, where should the German of. Later, the United States as the world's largest power, the Americans do not have many clout, said, let the world American. Although the U.S. mainstream Western culture, but once and for all he is a hodgepodge. So, he simply chose a seemingly universal terms, do not call American, called modernization. Modern term, that way, the truth behind it is American. Our scholars, the modern, done so many research, manufacturing so many standards, they are actually out of human imagination, the Americans lead the world trend is the basic basis of modernization.
to Hu Shih as the representative of the Chinese thinkers, leading to accept a modern term, and then incorporate it with the word enlightenment, then, the Chinese In among silent acceptance, imitate and learn the status of the West at that time, eager to integrate with the West. Today, we do not have more time to browse the actual operation of the process of modernization, what are the pitfalls. Brief may say, globalization, non-equality, non-fair, there is the difference among center and brim, the more you go along with others, the more you fall into the euthanasia of other people's words into the system.
modern term, the same emphasis on the social Darwinism of a single logic, based on a complete misunderstanding of Darwinism. Feudalism, the Enlightenment and modern three terms, the use of the errors are is that we Chinese people in this hundred years, are in a time of disarray of the state. What is the time confusion it? Put it simply: our historical memory blurred, we do not have their own independent time coordinate, and we only know to follow something else to work. Such a situation, I shriek it a concussion century Chinese thought.
Western philosophy is an important figure, Kant, he thought, had the resolution of human knowledge.
our knowledge architecture is what constitutes it? Kant has a very classical portrayal. He believes that our person knowledge, not simply come from the experience is not fully a priori, but rather a fusion of both prior and experience of the production. Pure experience, can not transform knowledge; purely a priori, the same can not generate knowledge. Of experience and a priori, Kant comes to the detailing of time and space. He said, when we empirically to feel the physical world as an object,Womens Lacoste Observe Trainers, we are each nativity with a priori time and space coordinates. And this a priori space-time coordinates, is the premise of the Knowledge. Kant beyond believe that the reason for the results, the potentiality of such concepts can not exist in the real world, they are the product of a priori. Time and space, is the same, there is no matter world exists only in the navel of everyone's thoughts. Say someone more clear, people will be aware of time and space, objective objects, time and space does not exist. People time and space coordinates, as the Cartesian coordinate system, coupled with the experience of being merged into muddle, only our memories, sensibilities and impressions. The memories, feelings and impressions, etc., with our conceptual system for further processing, before the formation of our reasonable knowledge. Kant tells us that human thought is the premise, this premise is a personal time and space coordinates, individual innate conceptual model. Of course, the twentieth century, Piaget's psychological theory tells us that Kant's so-called space-time coordinates of the individual, not the inner tube out from the womb, but in the propagating process of personal thoughts indeed fashioned. Although this theory may be revised to Kant, but it still does not negative the premise of Kant: we are not uncomplicated human knowledge is experience, but contains a priori elements, the rendition of one of the a priori is that the concept of personal space.
time the Chinese people, the concept of space is lost, that means we lose the aptitude to think independently.
we can simply duplicate,Lacoste R75 P2 Trainers, apply the Western concept of system, historical perspective and space-time coordinates. A complete detriment of citizen self-concept space and time, of course, a concussion is a thoroughly national. China this hundred annuals, virtually no real thinker. I have another heading, approximately the Jews and the Chinese comparable, then we ambition find that the Chinese and Jewish namely the world's greatest nation, but while faced with the Chinese Jews, there is the absence of our collective self-esteem The. That is, this hundred years, Jews in anybody an place, there is the most famous diagrams, have led the trend of the diagrams, but almost no an such human, except perhaps Mao Zedong. No one labeled by the Chinese doctrine, no one named by the Chinese folk considered, no development of a Chinese scientific achievements, can justly demand to the world, said: follow me! I was the most perfected. Literary mains such for Lu Xun and ideological guru, only in the environment of China is warmhearted acknowledged, he is the earth trend, almost no achieve. Perhaps, in the Chinese population, leading over the world trend, and merely short-lived Mao Zedong.
China, as is immediately the world's most populous nation in the world thought was lost a sea of ​​sound. Why is it so? Because the Chinese people in a collective state of concussion. Ability of independent thinking about the Chinese people faded, according to the words of Kant, the Chinese can not be careful. In fact as well. Today, whenever we speak about some important ideas, they regarded it as an established pattern, rather than introspective style to go analyze it. Today, there is no scientific, China's science is copy the Western tradition of scientific perception, we think that this knowledge is science, it is not. Ideas are not thought, but thinking. Thought is the outcome, the built state, thinking is the process of active state. Go on this issue in depth will lead to the results of many of my thinking. One thing, I believe that science in China today is completely die. Many economists in China's heave to power of the idea, in fact, just muddle-headedness of the people dream. Many sociologists and reformers in China, hurrahing constitutional reform, in fact, is in the same state of concussion, did not know at the time or location. (Applause.) Thank you.
China's training to a aggravate plight.
Not long ago, a very radical thinking of the savants said that China's Ministry of Education, simply be annihilated. Education is the term itself is a trap. Education method, a subject stood tall above, the so-called fact, ideas and knowledge to everybody. This education is harmful. True education should esteem the educated, the educated is also a subject of their private growth. However, the education it seems to be the so-called shine, sophisticated, and the right thing, taught to a empty, fatuous, ignorant, numbness of the mind, that is, the Chinese concept of prevalent enlightenment. Such education is undoubtedly the worst. (Applause.) radical thinker who said the above, the Department of the Ministry of Education should be replaced by learning. Live and study thing. But hey, it was discovered that China had few neat words, knowledge the words, even worse, worse than education. (Laughter) Why? Study, was originally meant to follow, that there is a ready-made conclusions, models, Kai Fan in the face, I went to copy it, imitate it, use it, it is to study. Learning, but in practice, so that when you copy and use, the more skilled. Two thousand years of Chinese traditional culture is the idea that knowledge and operation in the enhancement. This kind of study, resulting in the permanence of Chinese civilization, but also built a culture of stagnation, the loss of their vitality and creativity. Chinese people know little learning, we begin learning from kindergarten to have been middle schools, universities, capable physician to get doctoral degrees, as well as learn, we do not think that this study is problematic, it extensive reservoir behind the trap, we are entirely into the so-called fact, conclusions, models, textbooks slaves, we become passive objects. Hundred years, no fundamental alteration in this pattern, but we learn from the study of our ancestors rotated to the West, we take with the worldwide standards as the goal,Buy Lacoste, after all, how others do, how we do. This mode of thinking, our innate creativity, life impulse, autonomy, imagination,Lacoste Gravitate Trainers, all veto the. This state, resulting in all of China today strict and ordinary. Westerners do not learn it? They learn. However, they both in the learn, but also in the study. Study does not average that we learn the concept, it refers to is, with no ready-made conclusions, and replies beneath the premise of the rule, to find the rules, formulas, statutes, etc., it is more an exploration, research and breakthrough. And we absence is the Chinese people the string. If this state does not change, the Chinese talk about creating a world level university, it is absurd, and only the thought of people in a state of concussion, will mention this unrealistic slogans. (Applause.) In fact, our China study, is another thing, together. What is it? Albert Einstein once said: We all thought that the most important knowledge is, in fact, there are more important than knowledge and conclusions of the things that people imagine. By extension, this imagination, including the human imagination, creativity, passion, life impulse, the revolutionary spirit, initiative and infinite curiosity, these are precisely the people the most important thing male. Today most of the Chinese people forget is these, our education, reside in the learning stage of knowledge, to people born with expensive things to mar, while the passive approval of others set down civilization. (Continued)