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Records of Chinese History is
birth education and development of the nation's history. It developed feudal society, has created a contemporary world's highest civilization. But when entering certain areas of Western capitalism, especially when the Western capitalist powers invaded China, the Chinese more and more behind. Revolution of 1911 overthrew the monarchy, the establishment of the Republic of China, China won a new starting point for progress. The establishment of the PRC in 1949, opened the road to revitalizing the Chinese nation in the socialist future.
directory
Introduction to prehistoric times, pre-Qin era the Age of Enlightenment era of Shang and Zhou Wei Qin and Han Sui and Tang Dynasties era of history in the Yuan Dynasty Ming and Qing dynasties of the 20th century to the era of the 21st Century About related works China is one of four ancient civilizations, Chinese civilization, also known as the Chinese civilization, is the world's oldest civilizations, is one of the world's longest continuous civilization. Chinese civilization has a long history, from the Yellow Emperor, counting more than 5,000 years. Some scholars have pointed out that the Chinese nation has Universally acknowledged that China is one of the oldest civilizations. Generally believed that the direct source of Chinese civilization, there are two, namely, the Yellow River civilization, the Yangtze River civilization, Chinese civilization are the two regional cultural exchanges, integration and sublimation of the fruit. Counting from the Yellow Emperor in Chinese history and about 5000 years. Historical scholars believe that the history of human civilization, the Modern archaeological findings of the 3350 years ago (before 1350) of the Shang Dynasty Oracle, about 4,000 years ago to 5,000 years ago, pottery, some 5,000 years ago to 7,000 years ago, the nature of the turtle with text symbols carved bone Lease. Distinguished from the political and social patterns of Chinese history, according to archaeological data, about 6000 years ago, earlier than the late Peiligang or Yangshao early times, the Central Plains region transition from a matriarchal society to a patriarchal clan society. Meanwhile, the original social equality be broken. According to historical records, the Xia Dynasty has begun to hereditary kings, the Zhou Dynasty to establish a complete system of feudal society to the gradual deconstruction of the Eastern Zhou, the Qin Dynasty unified the political and national differences in the text and many civil measurement system, and the establishment of political centralization. Indications from the Han Dynasty from the National Civil Zeyi until the Qing Dynasty. 1911 Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Qing Dynasty 200 years of rule, but also the end of the continuation of 2,000 years of feudal monarchy, the establishment of the Republic of China, this is the greatest event in modern history, one. In 1945, the Kuomintang launched a civil war, the Chinese Communist Party after three years of the war of liberation, in 1949, overthrew the Kuomintang government. October 1, 1949, at the founding ceremony Beijing's Tiananmen Square, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central People's Government, solemnly declared: People's Republic was established. Prehistoric times, the earliest ever found the Chinese Shu higher primates monkeys in 4500 million years ago to live in the southern area of China. 224 years of archaeological evidence to
Zhoukoudian site people, such as Beijing Homo erectus. These are now known traces of early hominids. China's prehistoric cultures is the result of the following phases: the early Paleolithic Homo erectus-based medium-term (about 50-40 million years ago), and then into the middle and late Paleolithic, the Upper Cave human representatives, since about 20 to more than 10 million years ago. Representation of the early Neolithic culture is Peiligang, belonging to a matriarchal society during this period, there is no obvious social stratification. Then is represented by the Neolithic Yangshao, this period, the social nature of the transition from a matriarchal society to a patriarchal clan society, the gradual deepening social divide between rich and poor, while productivity has improved significantly. And the Longshan culture, represented by the late Neolithic period, about 4900 years to appear in the year 4100, the current archaeological work has been in the Yangtze River, Yellow River Basin found that a number of sites belonging to this period, the city group, group of city sites such as the Central Plains, Jianghan City Site group, such groups Haidai City Site. This may indicate that the Longshan era, forms of social organization considerable changes have taken place. According to the present archaeological research in the Neolithic Age in China presents the case of multiple side by side: about 7,000 years to 5,000 years ago in Henan Province, southern Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Gansu Province, in southern South and will have the use of terracotta Yangshao, pottery and consumption characteristics of millet and livestock keepers. And about the same time, there appeared in the eastern Zhejiang Province, Hemudu culture, Zhejiang Province, north of the Liangzhu culture emerged, in Shandong Province Dawenkou culture. And after the discovery of such sites and Sanxingdui Erlitou was the representative of the Bronze Age. Age of Enlightenment,paul smith mens, the formation of Chinese civilization in the Central Plains region of the Yellow River Basin. Early history, word of mouth. Mythology beginning of the world, Nu Wa made man argument.
dwarfed descendants of the Yellow Emperor, like
legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, is an outstanding leader of the Xia Dynasty before the representatives of thousands of years, specifically, have a different view. Generally believed that San Juan is the Sui people, Fu Xi, Shen Nong, and Nu Wa, a serious fire in three, five emperors generally refers to the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Yao and Shun. Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors from to, the number of years does not, at least when no less than thousands of years. It is now sorted out the legend, Emperor Huang Di was formerly the head of a branch of the tribe, a powerful spring after the Battle of Osaka beat Yan, a new tribal alliance leaders, followed by South and East Chi tribal conflict, in Argumentation war completely defeated opponents, establish their dominance. Later, the grandson of Emperor Zhuan Xu and great-great-grandson Ku continue to serve as the leader of the tribal alliance. Ku Yao, the son of the throne, he was a Xianjun, the creation of a demise of the system, mass-bit to the Shun. In Shun period, flooding, Gun by blocking methods, results, more severe floods, the Gun was executed, his son Yu to ease the way by successfully control the flood, so it is elected as leader. However, his son Qi way undermined the demise of the system, self-reliance for the king, established the first hereditary dynasty - the Xia Dynasty, the Xia Dynasty lasted 400 years, primary in the last Xiachao Jun - Jie end of the business leaders of the East into a vassal state Tom seized power, established the Shang Dynasty. Pre-Qin era Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Xia Dynasty around the first hereditary to the former 2070 first 1600, due to the current period of history do not find the text of the artifacts confirmed, the only
Oracle
can be recorded by future generations and archaeological finds another control research, Chinese scholars generally believe that Erlitou site in Luoyang is the capital of the Xia Dynasty ruins, some scholars have doubts about this. According to written records, the Xia calendar with the earliest - Summer is small. But after the Shang Dynasty is the text of the artifacts found in the earliest period of history, present in about 1600 BC to about 1046 BC. It is said that the last Xia ruler - Jie, the dissolute Tom is no way to be overturned. The civilization was well developed during the Shang Dynasty, with calendar, bronze and mature text - Oracle and so on. The time of the Shang Dynasty to have a complete national organizations, and has the size of the feudal dynasty. Was the main productive sectors are agriculture, handicrafts, however, especially in bronze metallurgy levels are already very skilled. And has appeared in the original porcelain. After the Shang Dynasty from Pangeng, capital to Yin (Anyang, Henan Province today), also known as Yan Zhao. Shang is the son succession system or transmitted brother, inherited more than seniority by age. At the same time, the Yellow River upper reaches of the week of another tribe is gradually rise to about 1046 BC, Zhou King Wu, the Makino decisive victory in the war, fall of Shang. The formal establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, the Weihe River basin capital Gao Jing (now near Xi'an, Shaanxi). Zhou's forces after slowly infiltrated into the lower Yellow River and Huaihe River area. Zhou dynasty, is still the feudal aristocracy, many of the nobility Feng (princes). To the peak, the influence of the Zhou Dynasty in the South has crossed the Yangtze River, northeast to today's Liaoning Province, west of Gansu, east to Shandong. Patriarchal clan system has been established during the Zhou dynasty, regime institutions better. Since the Tang Yao, Yu Shun Zhizhou towards all the feudal times, kings and princes of divide and rule. The exact time of the earliest historical events have occurred in the Western Zhou Dynasty in 841 BC, people riot. Spring and Autumn Main article: Zhou, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn and Warring States 770 years ago, as was the invasion of northern nomads Quan Rong, Zhou King Ping Luo Eastward Migration of the Yellow River in the city (Henan Luoyang), Eastern Zhou Dynasty before the first Confucius
line teaching as (Wu Daozi for)
after the influence of the Zhou Dynasty weakened, replaced more than one hundred large and small, a small country (vassal States and dependencies), known as the Spring and Autumn period. Spring and Autumn Period there were more than a dozen major powers, including Jin, Qin, Zheng, Qi and Chu and so on. During this period of social unrest, wars, there have been five countries dominate, that is, Qi, Song, Jin, Chu, Qin (there is one that is homogeneous, Jin, Chu, Wu and Yue), collectively known as the Spring and Autumn Five Hegemons. To the first 546 years or so, basically the end of the Yellow River basin hegemony, Jin, Chu shared equally between the hegemony. 403 years ago, was divided into Han Jin, Zhao, the three kingdoms of Wei, known as Was killed together with the regime Tian Qi, and Qin, Chu, and Yan, adding that the Seven Warring States Warring States period began. Most of the Warring States Marxist historians began to be designated as the feudal society, but most of the Western and the scholars in Taiwan but will be designated as the collapse of the feudal society. Shang Yang 356 years before the start of Qin, Qin Guoguo power greatly enhanced, and finally elimination of the previous 221 years of the last six Qi, complete reunification of China has entered a new era of history. Spring and Autumn Period more freedom of academic thought, known as contending. China after the emergence of a number of far-reaching impact on the thinkers (philosophers), such as Lao Tzu, Confucius, Mo Zi, Zhuang Zi, Mencius, Xun Zi, Han Fei et al. There have been many academic schools, representing all ten known that the Taoist (natural), Confucian (ethics), the School of (astrological divination), Legalism (law), masters (rhetorical debate), Mo Zi (universal love of non-attack) , and miscellaneous (each co-director), farmers (ruler with the Geng), novelist (hearsay) and so on. Culture appeared in the personal name appears first in the history of Chinese literature poet Qu Yuan, He is the author of Chu, Li Sao and other literary works. Confucius compiled the Book of Songs. Distinguished history of war there home Sun Tzu Art of War, Sun Bin, Qi and so on. Mo occurred in the history of science and technology, architectural history has Luban, first invented the tiles, laid the basis for building technology in China. Can create sophisticated tanks and cavalry, but this time China is also very well-developed metallurgical, iron can create sophisticated, appeared on a variety of agricultural irrigation machinery, greatly improving the productivity, thereby greatly expanding the population for the future foundation. Appeared in the history of the Spring and Autumn (Tso), Mandarin, war policy. Basically, the source of Chinese culture can be found in this period. This period has also made great technological progress. Xia invented the Lunar Calendar, the decimal system emerged. Western Zhou Dynasty were measured with a sundial shadow of the sun to determine the season; Spring and Autumn period to determine the Ershibasu; the later generation of the ancient quarter of the calendar. Han Dynasty 221 BC, the Qin and the other six countries after the reunification of the main part of China, becoming the first Chinese monarch of a unified, centralized state ruled
Emperor
Home, its capital Xianyang (near Xi'an today .) As the King of Qin Ying Zheng [1] [2] considers himself He carried out many items of national reforms, including the establishment of a centralized, replacing the feudal Zhou Dynasty packet system; unified text, the official language of convenience; uniform weights and measures, to facilitate the engineering calculations. Chi Tao Qin Shi Huang also strongly built and straight, and connected to the Warring States Period, Zhao, Yan and Qin north of siege, the building became the west Lintao, east to the Great Wall of Liaodong in order to resist the Huns from the north, east and other nomadic Hu attacks. Emperor respected the rule of law as the prime minister Li Si re Legalism, and listen to his advice, ordered the Burning of the Books, the world collection of weapons, servitude seventy million people, and their tombs built Fanggong - including the Terracotta Warriors and so on. 210 years ago, the emperor died on patrol on the way, Hu Hai (ie, Qin II) and Zhao Gao conspiracy killed Prince, Hu Hai ascended the throne. But ten months later, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Daze Heung Jiegan in the uprising, including six left Chendeng careerist momentum rebellion, 206 years before the siege of Xianyang Liu, Qin Wangzi infants around itself out of the city to surrender, Dynasty perished. Since then, HW Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, King of Western Chu Chu and Han started the battle for the world's war. December 202 BC, Xiang Yu was besieged at the boundary under the Han (now Anhui Lingbi), besieged on all sides. Xiang Yu in the Wujiang Suicide death. Chu dispute to this end. Han emperor Liu Bang Dengji capital in Chang'an (now Xi'an), Western Han had begun. As a result of the Qin Dynasty Han emperor witnessed severe penalties, Endowment heavy and fast death. So reign kept taxes low, so that people could recuperate. To the Han Dynasty, Han Dynasty reached its peak. And with Rome, Parthia (Parthia), Kushan and the four major empires. Accepted the proposal of Emperor Zhu Fuyan order to implement push Well, completely undermine the forces to seal the country, strengthen the monitoring system, to achieve centralization; he sent Wei Qing, Huo, Li and other generals, the Northern Expedition, the successful control of the Western defeated the Huns, also sent Zhang Qian the Han Dynasty, pioneering the famous Silk Road, the development of foreign trade, making China a real understanding of the outside world, promoting cultural exchange. Confucianism was established as the official ideology of the mainstream, becoming the dominant ideology. Other thriving arts and culture. Appeared in the same period also the first biographical masterpiece History - Development to the Western Han Dynasty began to decline for a century or so. 9, the wife's family of Wang Mang seized power, announced a series of reforms, changing the country for the new. However, these reforms are often unrealistic, leading to peasant uprisings. Liu Hsiu restored the Han dynasty in 25 years, its capital Luoyang, known as the Eastern Han Dynasty, and he is Han Guangwu. The development of the Eastern Han Dynasty Western Han Dynasty tradition continues, this time there astronomer Zhang Heng. Qin Han culture lessons learned, seems quite open-minded, when Buddhism arrived in China by the Western Regions, built in Luoyang, Henan Province in China's first Buddhist temple - the White Horse Temple, the official introduction of Buddhism to China. In the era of the late Eastern Han Wei, eunuchs and the wife's family long-term struggle for power, hit by the Yellow Turbans, to around the second century AD, when the decline again, 196 years, Cao Cao Cao Cao Wei Wudi

control of the Eastern Han dynasty, Xu Han Xiandi welcome to all the Wu capital in Legend (now Nanjing), entered the Three Kingdoms period of history. 263, Sima Zhao Wei Quan Chen Shu troops off. 266 years, Sima Zhao's son Sima Yan emperor, established the Jin Dynasty capital in Luoyang. 280 Jin Three Kingdoms return once again unified. 290 less than a year after the death of Emperor Wu, sixteen years of imperial power struggle began, known as At the same time, the Central Plains around the five nomadic (Huns, Qiang, Di, Jie) together with the displaced persons around the anti-Jin, known as Chinese five random. These nomads have set up their own countries, from 304 to 409 years, one after another in northern China has established a number of countries, including into the Han, the former Zhao, after Zhao, Former Yan, the former cold, Qian Qin, Later Qin, Hou Yan, Xiqin, after the cold, cold north, south cool, Nam Yin, Xiliang, Yan Xia and the North, known as the Sixteen States. Since the late Eastern Han Dynasty, as Duobizhanluan, a large number of Han people moved to the north the south, resulting in economic center of gravity began to move south; Jin Chaonan to move capital at Jiankang (now Nanjing), previously known as the history of the Western Jin Dynasty, after south Eastern Jin Dynasty. Finally, the pa unified the north, the establishment of the first dynasty of the Northern Dynasties - the Northern Wei Dynasty, Northern and Southern formed the opposition. Experienced Southern Song, Qi, Liang, Chen's replacement, but there are the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou. Very popular in Northern and Southern Dynasties period of Buddhism, Buddhist master flooded the West came to China, and many Buddhist scriptures were translated into Chinese. Sui and Tang Dynasties in 581, Yang Jian Zhou established the Sui Dynasty replaced, capital of Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, near), random Huahou Han Sui is a family of five in the north to re-establish the great unified dynasty, ending a long since the Western Jin Dynasty up to nearly three hundred divisions. China has had to split after three hundred years of war to achieve a uniform again. Tai Sui Dynasty in Chinese history one of the greatest dynasties, the Sui Dynasty established the importance in the political system - the system of six provinces, creating a far-reaching examination system, the reform imperative; continue in the military and reform Fu Bing system; in the economy on the one hand the implementation of the uniformed soil and rent yung modulation, on the other hand adopted a Sui is also beefing the world-famous Grand Canal, consolidate the rule of the central region of southeastern enhance North-South economic and cultural links.
Emperor Li Shimin (598 ~ 649)
618 years, Gaozu Li Yuan established the Tang dynasty, it is the continuation of Chinese history, one of the longest dynasties. 626, Li Shimin reign, the Tang Dynasty began to enter its peak, known as Golden Years. Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) was the largest city in the world, the Tang civilization is the most advanced civilization at that time. The wife of Emperor Li Zhi Wu Qianduluoyang, and became the emperor, became the only recognized female emperor in the history, changing the country week and is scheduled to Buddhism as state religion, wide repair temples, massive construction projects. Sui Dynasty imperial examination system was created more scientific and fair personnel selection system. The development of the Tang Dynasty and many good relations with neighboring countries, married Princess Wen Cheng in Tibetan and brought a large number of silk and handicrafts. Japan has been sending envoys to China learned monks and students. Tang Dynasty's culture at its best, especially the poems by the larger development, but also compiled a number of biographical history books. Tang Dynasty, many great writers have emerged, such as poet Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai, Du Mu, and essayist Han Yu. Is the most prosperous Tang Dynasty Buddhist religion, Xuan Zang went to Tianzhu learn, Volume 1335, after returning into the Scriptures, and the Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an built to store Buddhist scriptures. Early Tang policy of religious tolerance taken, outside of Buddhism, Taoism, Manichaeism (Manicheism), Nestorianism, and Islam have also been widely disseminated. All this great-grandson of Emperor Li Shimin Li Longji in the reign of the peak, known as the Golden Age Kaiyuan. However, in 755, Rebellion broke out, the Tang Dynasty which began to decline. 875 years, Huang Chao Uprising broke out. Uprising was eventually suppressed, but the Tang central government has completely lost control of local warlords. 907 Zhu Wen usurped Tang warlords, build back rest. Military forces also have their own local separatist regimes, the formation of the Five Dynasties and Ten States chaos. Song Li Shi fifty years after a dispute, the 960 years after the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty controlled most of China, but Yanyun sixteen states (Youyun sixteen states) established the Khitan tribe in the north
Riverside Local
in the hands of the Liao (After Five in the Jintai Zu Although the crusade against the Northern Song Dynasty Liao and Western Xia had sent troops, but they failed, done deal, reluctantly, had to increasingly grow in the Liao and Western Xia to pay year-old currency. Respectively, occurred in the late Northern Song Wang, Sima Guang, led by Old Parties, increasing social unrest. To the 1125 establishment of the Songhua River Basin Jurchen Jin forces, began to grow, 1125, Liao Jin off. Golden State then began to attack the weakness of the Northern Song Dynasty, 1127 (Jingkang first year) Golden State defeated Northern Song capital of Bianjing (now Kaifeng), captured three thousand royal family, including the then Emperor Song Hui Zong Song Qinzong and overlord, as Chin as the time of the reign were Jingkang, known Jingkang shame, Song perish. Song Qinzong brother the same year in Nanjing should be Tianfu Zhao Gou (now Shangqiu), or throne, capital Lin'an (now Hangzhou), known as the Southern Song Dynasty, sacrifice the south. After fighting several gold and the Southern Song Dynasty, but the two sides have not been a big breakthrough. Until 1234, Mongolia, and Southern United off payment. Southern Song Dynasty against the Mongols and then experienced the unprecedented large-scale bloody war (such as the Battle of Xiangfan, Diaoyu Cheng war.) 1271 Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty capital in Dadu (now Beijing). Yuan-jun in 1279 with the Southern Song Dynasty was Yaishan battle, 8-year-old Emperor Zhao was martyred tragic Lu Xiufu carrying the body to jump into the sea to die. Yaishan naval victory in the Yuan Dynasty ended, the Southern Song Dynasty at an end. Occurred in China during the Northern Song printing and gunpowder. China was a developed economy, China's maritime trade flourished, Quanzhou, Fujian area became a thriving port, China's total economic output at half of the world, financial earnings over one hundred million taels of silver, the capital of Kaifeng and Hangzhou population reached 100 million and 120 million people, the relative was more than a dozen people in terms of Florence, and Paris is very busy indeed, national businessmen gather, but culture heyday, there was Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi Neo-Confucian, etc., to promote three from the four virtues. Keep pace with the Tang Song, text by Su Shi and other great poets words, there has been the history of China's most famous poetess Qingzhao, social and cultural development, there has been very famous, such as romantic love story Butterfly Lovers. Yuan established the Yuan era, after absorbing the one hand, many Central Plains culture, institutions and the rule of the Central Plains ways to rule, and vigorously promote the theory of Zhu Xi's faction (ie, Neo-Confucianism), making the Neo-Confucianism as the Yuan Dynasty (Ming and Qing Dynasty) the official ideology, on the other hand the implementation of the national rating system, the first such is the Mongols; second and so is the Jin, including the original gold-ruled areas of the Khitan, Jurchen tribe, etc.; fourth and so is the This system led to the Han ethnic grievances, many Han Chinese as a foreign government to the Yuan Dynasty, and launched several resistance. In addition to traditional agricultural Yuan Dynasty, but also more emphasis on business. Is very busy most of the Yuan capital, businessmen gathered from around the world. In culture, appeared with the Tang, Song and said the Yuan, emerged as Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shih-fu, and other famous composers. And compared to most Chinese feudal dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty and the concept of ideology and culture are two very significant features: one is compatible, and the second is Under the guidance of this idea in the Yuan Dynasty show compatible cultural environment and pragmatic features. Great Yuan Dynasty cultural compatibility in the following aspects: it is not ancient history only from the official point of view that Yuan who has not yet found an instance of misfortune because of speech. According to statistics, the Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties and cultural ban is only a few one-tenth; it is China's feudal history, the only clearly religious freedom of the dynasty, when all the world's religions in China have venues and believers . Compatible with the cultural atmosphere and cultural development in China provides a good environment. China's People today the Yuan Dynasty and Tang, Song tie, regarded as a treasure of Chinese culture. The reason why some scholars think that Yuan was born and prosperity in the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, mainly due to the impact of the North Minority Ethics and cultural policy accommodation, Confucian culture, social status further. Confucius during the Yuan Dynasty was called the Mencius and other ancient Mingru also received a high title; the Yuan dynasty in Chinese history for the first time set up special Yuan of the public education over the previous generation, the College are more than 400, state the number of schools reached 24,400 more than the maximum. Confucian culture on the development of the Yuan, Chen Yuan is this evaluation: On the play, but as of Qianlong of two decades ago, irrespective of the Qianlong Twenty years later, the Han, Tang and Qing academic Sheng, Qi Guo Yuan! Establishment of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty in feudal society, increasing, and has a more urgent development requirements. Therefore, compared with the Song, Yuan and pragmatic cultural spirit is very significant. Founder of the Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan advocate Accordingly, he proposed the has also been a rapid development: from a series of large-scale governmental organizations astronomical measurement activities to China in many fields of astronomy at the world advanced level (such as the angle between the ecliptic scientific data, the number of stars, calendars, etc.); in geography organized the first time in history the Yellow River in China Heyuan field expedition; in agricultural technology and popularization of agricultural science, the North-South thing extensive exchange of crops, local agricultural techniques (such as production tools) from each other, full of cotton grown in the promotion of the Yuan Dynasty, many crops gained popularity. Government to strengthen the summary and popularization of agricultural science and technology work, Secretary for Agriculture Secretary editor of metal type, runner typesetting printing method and chromatography. In addition, the yuan regime of medicine, shipbuilding, ceramics manufacturing, and water has also been given high priority. Khanate Yuan and four other power generation, so that after the 13th century, major European and Asian political landscape changes, East Asia, Central and West Asia region a lot of old buildings of instant power disappeared in parts of Europe into the Mongol Empire under the rule. There is no doubt that the cruel war, violent social unrest, gave European and Asian countries has brought great pain to the people. But wars of conquest and the subsequent establishment of the Mongol regime in the positive impact of the objective can not be ignored, it makes economic and cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia barriers be broken. Mongolian rulers encouraged trade liberalization policy, convenience, safety Inn traffic, narrowed the distance between Europe and Asia, so that direct dialogue between cultures, to become a reality, reduced by the development of the Eurasian continent is not between regions balance and because of geographical space and man-made closed the gap caused by the process of civilization. Communication to the Chinese understanding of the world, the world understand China, between East and West the mystery has been lifted, the world history of civilization entered a new era. If the cultural history from the Chinese perspective, the impact of the Yuan Dynasty is mainly reflected in two aspects: to promote the internationalization of China. In ancient China, the largest outside of the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan dynasty. However, if the affected area from the outside, the number of countries and international status between the point of comparison, the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty is second to none. Preferential trade policies, smooth the trade routes, rich country, the beautiful legend, the Yuan Dynasty, the Western and the Arab world, the community formed a tremendous appeal. Both, most, Hangzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou has been an international city with color, as an international port of Quanzhou's largest foreign trade ports. Travelers, traders, missionaries, government envoys and artisans, by land and sea to China, some of them have long lived in China, some people also served as government officials. According to statistics, these people were from Persia, Iraq, Afghanistan velocity, Hong Lane, Syria, Morocco, Korea, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Poland, Hungary, Russia, Britain, France, Italy, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan and other countries . After returning some people record their knowledge in China. It was these travels, so that the first Westerners to grasp a more comprehensive information on China and the East, a civilized and prosperous China, a true showcase to the world. This information changed the European understanding and awareness of the world. Academics generally agreed that the writings of Marco Polo and others of the era of great sailing ships had a crucial impact. Ancient cultural exchange to create the most prosperous era. Yuan by sea Reach the African coast by sea, land exchanges leading to Western Europe, a unified environment for the international, regional exchanges to create an unprecedented facilities, known as the In a large number of Arabs, Europeans flock to the East, the Chinese people are more open view on the neighboring countries, Central Asia, South Asia and a clearer understanding of the Indian Ocean region, footprint or even extended to the West Asia and Western Europe. People to understand and introduce the outside world, no longer limited to hearsay, but mostly personal experience. If Wang Taiyuan of the The book records the names of hundreds, as well as strategically located around the mountains, climate, property, customs figures, China's economic and cultural exchanges between the situation and so on, mostly former does not contain content. Similar to the literature as well as cultural understanding and open new horizons. The unprecedented prosperity of Western economic and cultural exchanges, so that the different regions, countries and regions, economic and cultural two-way communication between the acceleration. China, gunpowder, the compass, printing technology spread to the Arabian and Europe, promoting the process of civilization in these areas. Arab medicine, astronomy, agricultural technology, European mathematics, metal craft, sculpture and art in South Asia into China, and promote the rich culture of ancient China and developed. Great Yuan cultural exchange information and spread the wide range of future historical influence, are unprecedented in human history. Can be said that the achievements of Western civilization, the first time a full range of shared situation. 1368 Ming and Qing dynasties, the emperor-led peasant uprising to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty in the Central Plains, the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. Early capital of Nanjing. Battle of Jing Nan Zhu Di launched in 1421 moved the capital to Beijing, the Ming entered its heyday. 1405, Yongle Emperor Yongle Emperor Zhu Di, the appointment of Zheng
(reign: 1402 -1424 years)
ordered seven voyages, had reached the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and Africa. Culture appeared in the Wang Yangming, Li Zhi and other thinkers, and the 1449, when the next Yingzong defeat in the Northern Expedition Wala prisoners, the military wiped out 50 million, known as Fort civil change. However, the Ming Dynasty in a very short period of time re-emergence, but also a Powerful political reform in Middle Ming Ming Jang, Ming Shenzong time, the economic development of the Ming Dynasty to the peak. 1627, the late Ming peasant uprising broke out. 1644, uprising leader Li Zicheng capture Beijing, Ming Zhu Yi were hanging by the prosecution, Qingjunruguan. The south by the Secretary of State has supported Fukuo Zhu Song (Hung Kuang), Yu-tang Zhu key (Wu Long), Gui Wang Zhu from the palm (Winor) for the Emperor, known as the Southern Ming, the final result of power shortage and political infighting destroyed by the Qing Dynasty. The late Ming dynasty, the Manchu live in the northeast region began to flourish, and finally captured Beijing in 1644, shortly after Rereading the expulsion of Li Zicheng entered Beijing, the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, when the southward retreat to Taiwan Ming Jiu Chen Zheng island and expelled the Dutch, where settlers, the Qing army took over later. In the half century after the Qing Dynasty also attacked and occupied many regions, such as Xinjiang, Tibet, Mongolia and Taiwan. Emperor Kangxi, the Qing court in the Heilongjiang area also with Russia war, which culminated in 1689 signed a treaty in Chinese history - Qing rulers adopted a policy of seclusion, so that China lagged behind in history. By the 19th century, the Qing had to decline, has erupted in Jiaqing White Lotus, Tenrikyo large-scale uprising. At the same time the sea
situation depicted by the world powers of China's cartoon
on the country the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Portugal have started to enforce trade with China. In 1787, China began to enter the British opium traders, led by the China's international trade surplus into a huge deficit. The Qing court in 1815 issued a search Yangchuan opium statute, however, ignore the ban on British business is still a lot of opium smuggling, dynasty emperor in 1838, Lin sent to Guangzhou smoking. June 1839, to 2.37 million kilograms of opium in Humen destruction, known as Humenxiaoyan. So the British Government in June 1840 launched the Opium War. In 1842, British forces entered the Yangtze River, cutting off supplies south of Beijing, so the sum of the Qing, the signed by China and imperialism, the first unequal treaty, sovereignty undermined. China historians generally think that this is the beginning of modern Chinese history. At the same time China's struggle against the re-emergence of the Qing Dynasty. 1851 to 1864, the influence of Christianity by the establishment of Hong worship God scholar, launched in the Gold Fields Guiping County armed uprising and created the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Taiping was once occupied by the South's 18 provinces, and capital in Tianjing (now Nanjing), the establishment of central government politics and religion. There are other sports during the same period world will, Nien, Shanghai knife will revolt, Hui Army and so on. The struggle against the Qing Dynasty until the mid-1860s, the basic subsided. The late 19th century, Britain, France, Russia and Japan invaded China many times and forced unequal treaties China signed with them. In 1860, British and French forces in the Second Opium War, the invasion of Beijing, looting and burning Yuanmingyuan imperial garden, and then with the Qing court signed the Russia through the In 1895, China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War after the Japanese signed the In order to enhance and consolidate national defense, the implementation of the Qing Dynasty began in the 1860s from the Westernization Movement, the national power has been restored, and once appeared in the Restoration of the situation. Qing recovered Xinjiang in 1877, 1881, through the After the Sino-French War was known as the Qing Dynasty also established the first in Asia and sixth in the world of modern naval fleet - the Northern Navy. Sino the failure of China at that time had a great impact. In 1898, after the Emperor Guangxu agreed in Chikamasa Kang, Liang et al's political reform advocates, from June 11 to September 21, known as the Hundred Days Reform of 103 days for a number of reforms, but in the end the Empress After the failed coup ended the Queen Mother. In 1899, the Boxer Rebellion broke out, with Thus, countries in order to free the name of the Beijing embassy staff invading China, known as Boxer Rebellion. In 1901, the Qing government was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol with countries, claims 450 million taels of silver, divided for 39 years to pay off (both principal and interest combined 980 million), while along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan troops stationed in the country, opening for the Beijing Dong Jiao Min Xiang the embassy district, people will not be admitted and so on.
20th century to the 21st century Sun
1894 years, the Sun Yat-sen founded the first Chinese bourgeois revolutionary organization the Revive China Society. Early 20th century, bourgeois democratic revolutionary ideas are widely disseminated, there has been Zhang Binglin, Zou Rong, Chen Tianhua famous thinker and propagandist of the Democratic Revolution. With the spread of revolutionary ideas of democracy, the bourgeois revolutionary groups have been established. Chinese Alliance founded in 1905, marking the Chinese bourgeois democratic revolution has entered a new stage. Revolutionary war of words with the royalists, the further spread of revolutionary ideas of democracy, a strong impetus to the democratic revolution climax. League set up, visit the revolutionaries launched a ping sweet wine, and a series of uprisings in Guangzhou Huanghuagang, Protection Movement in Sichuan occurred. October 1911 Wuchang Uprising succeeded. 1911 Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Qing Dynasty 200 years of rule, but also the end of the continuation of 2,000 years of feudal monarchy, the establishment of the Republic of China, this is the greatest event in modern history, one. Occurred in the May Fourth Movement of 1919 is considered the modern Chinese history, the ideological origin of many important events. The direct cause is to be imposed on China after World War I the unequal terms. This led to a strong patriotism initiated by students at all levels and to develop the country's protest movement. It also causes all sorts of new ideas into China, the most striking is the spread of Marxism-Leninism in China. In 1921, Mao Zedong and other representatives of around 12 people in Shanghai, the communist group held its first National Congress of the Communist Party of China was born. Communist Party of China led the Chinese people in the process of democratic revolution, through the Northern Expedition (1924-1927), the Agrarian Revolutionary War (1927-1937), Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the National Liberation War (1945 - 1949), four historical stages. Anti-Japanese War, Chinese Communist Party and the KMT cooperation and common fight against the aggressors and win a war victory. In 1945, the Kuomintang launched a civil war, the Chinese Communist Party after three years of the war of liberation, in 1949, overthrew the Kuomintang government. October 1, 1949, Beijing, brought together 30 million people at the founding ceremony in Tiananmen Square, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central People's Government, solemnly declared: People's Republic was established.
Mao Zedong
founded, the Chinese government has succeeded in accounting for more than 90% of the total agricultural population of the area to complete the land reform, three hundred million peasants were got about 47 million hectares of land. 1953-1957 five-year plan to implement the first great achievements: the average annual growth rate of 8.9% of national income over; necessary to establish a group of industrialized countries, the past is not the basic industries, including aircraft and automotive manufacturing, heavy and precision machinery manufacturing, power generation equipment manufacturing, metallurgy and mining equipment manufacturing and high alloy steel and nonferrous metal smelting and so on. From 1957 to 1966, is China's large-scale socialist construction. In 1966 compared with 1956, the country's industrial fixed assets increased by 3 times the original price, national income at constant prices grew by 58%; the output of major industrial products has increased ten times or even several times; agricultural infrastructure and launched a large-scale transformation. May 1966 to October 1976 is the October 1976, Jiang Qing counter-revolutionary group was crushed, December 1978 and the Third Plenary Session of the CPC held in plenary session with Deng Xiaoping at the core of the formation of the second generation of central collective leadership (the first generation of Chinese Communist Party leadership with Mao Zedong at the core, is an important member of Deng Xiaoping), assume the arduous mission, achieved a great historical turning point, creating a new period of development of China's socialist cause. Before and after the Third Plenum of the CPC leadership and support on practice is the only standard of truth, the great debate. The discussion broke personality cult and the Hua Guofeng, who approved the This is the ideological line set things right. Third Plenary Session of the Chinese Communist Party in abandoning the This is the political line of the order out of chaos. In determining the transfer of the same work center, made a great decision-making reform and opening up, and for the restoration of order errors in thought process, unequivocally stressed the need to adhere to the socialist road, uphold the people's democratic dictatorship, leadership of the CPC, adhere to Marxism-Leninism Mao Zedong Thought. basis. Communist Party of China emphasized the importance of the correct organizational line to ensure the correct ideological line and political line of the implementation. The new requirements under the historical turning point, to strengthen the party organizations, and gradually adjust and enrich the leading bodies at all levels, make cadres more revolutionary, younger, better educated and more professional approach, leading posts abolished tenure actually exist, the implementation of new cadres of cooperation and alternation. History of major non-Communist Party of China made serious clean-up. A series of measures, redress injustices, the implementation in favor of strengthening the Party's solidarity and mobilize all positive factors of the policy. Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh CPC devoted to a number on the history of the party since the founding of the resolution, absolute negation of the thought to maintain the historical status of Mao Zedong, affirmed the guiding role of Mao Zedong Thought. With the development of the domestic situation and international situation changes, more and more shows to make this important decision from the party the courage and vision. Basically completed in the restoration of order, based on the September 1982 meeting of the Twelfth CPC National Congress. The General Assembly, Fan's goals. A third step followed by the middle of next century to achieve socialist modernization strategy. The most salient feature of the new period of reform and opening. Reform and opening up started from the Third Plenary Session, XII, after full swing. It has gone from rural to urban reform, reform, reform of economic system reforms to various aspects of the system, from the outside world and invigorating to the opening of the magnificent historical process. Starting from the country, which is consistent with China's strategic decision-making. The household contract is great creation of Chinese farmers. Respect the wishes of the masses of the CPC Central Committee, and actively support the test, pushing the country a few years effort. Abolition of communes and do not take the road of land privatization, but mainly the household contract combines unified and separate, two-tier management to solve the rural areas of China's socialist system, the major problem. 800 million farmers to obtain the autonomy to manage their land, plus the basic cancellation unified purchasing of agricultural products, open most of the prices of agricultural products, so that the long-term stagnation of agricultural production out of the plight of the rural economy toward specialization, commercialization, rapid social development, the majority of urban and rural people has been significantly benefits, led to the reform and construction. Township enterprises, is another great creation of farmers. It is for rural surplus labor transfer out from the land for rural prosperity and the progressive realization of the modernization of industry and the economy to promote the reform and development, opening up a new path. The reform of rural to urban areas to adapt to the new situation, the CPC-second session of the Third Plenary adopted the decision of economic reform. The decision of China's socialist economy is based on public ownership in a planned commodity economy, breaking the planned economy with the commodity economy, opposition to the traditional concept of the Marxist political economy of new developments to provide for the comprehensive new economic reform theoretical guidance. Then, the Chinese Communist Party have decided on the science and technology system and education system reform, and further the objectives and tasks of political reform. Set up in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen Special Economic Zone 4 is the major step of opening up is the use of foreign capital, technology and management experience to develop a new test of the socialist economy has made great achievements. Practice has proved that the special economic zones named After setting up special economic zones in, but also have a dozen open coastal cities in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta in southern Fujian, the Bohai Sea region to open up economic development zones, economic zones approved and become Hainanjianxing. Expanding opening-up, two hundred million population, the rapid development of the coastal zone, a strong impetus to the country's reform and opening up and economic construction.
Deng
smooth progress of reform and construction, requires a strong ideological and political guarantees. Communist Party of China proposed a series of Sixth Plenary Session of the CPC made twelve are the four cardinal principles of spiritual civilization. The Party also stressed throughout the process of socialist modernization should be carried out against bourgeois liberalization of education and struggle. In order to solve Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan issue and realize the reunification of the motherland, Deng Xiaoping, respect for history and present situation of reality, creatively put forward the Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan under the capitalist system. September 1982, he was meeting with British Prime Minister, elaborated on China's basic position to solve our problems, maintaining the country's sovereignty and dignity. In 1983 he proposed to solve the Taiwan issue, He for the plot to split China, emphasizing not give up a non-peaceful means to resolve the Taiwan issue. CPC XII, China in accordance with the After two years of negotiations in 1984 on Dec. 19 the leaders of Japan and British governments signed in Beijing the Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong. Clearly stipulated in the Joint Declaration, the PRC government in July 1, 1997 resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong. Hong Kong, Macau problems provides an example solution to the problem. After negotiations, 13 April 1987 the leaders of the two governments in Beijing, China and Portugal signed the Joint Declaration on the Question of Macao. The Joint Declaration provides that the PRC Government on December 20, 1999 resumption of sovereignty over Macao. 1987 年 October 25-November 1 meeting of the Thirteenth National Congress of the CPC. Major historical achievements of this conference is more systematic exposition of the theory of the primary stage of socialism in China, a clear elucidation of the party in general and comprehensive taking the economic development strategy: first, gross national product to double in 1980 to address the people's food and clothing; second, to the end of the century, the growth of GNP doubled, and the people live a fairly comfortable ; the third step, the next century, per capita GDP reached the level of moderately developed countries, people's lives richer, the basic realization of modernization. Since the Third Plenary Session of the General Assembly spoke highly of the building began to find the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, great significance, stressing that this is Marxism with China's practice of combining the process, following the road to find the Chinese democratic revolution, to achieve the first After a historic leap in the second historic leap. Thirteen Congress, the complexity of difficult domestic and international circumstances, the Chinese Communist Party and the leadership of people of all nationalities unite to overcome difficulties and achieve social stability, political stability and economic development. China's economy from 1984 to 1988, experienced a period of accelerated development of the leap, to show the agricultural and industrial, rural and urban, reform and development and promote each other's vivid situation, the entire national economy to a new level. At the same time there have been some advance questions, large price fluctuations are mainly a little more serious duplication. Communist Party of China decided to use some time management of economic environment, rectifying the economic order, in order to facilitate better promote the reform and construction. Spring and summer of 1989, a political disturbance occurred, the party relying on the people and the government take a clear stand against the chaos subsided counter-revolutionary rebellion took place in Beijing to defend the socialist state power and safeguard the fundamental interests of the people to ensure that the reform and opening up modernization to move forward. At the same time, the central make clear that the Party's basic line and thirteen big decision is correct, not because of political turmoil and shake this place. Fourth Session of the Thirteenth CPC Central Committee elected the new central collective leadership. After the Fourth Plenary Session, the Fifth Plenary Session, with Deng Xiaoping at the core and the second generation of central collective leadership with Jiang Zemin at the core of the third generation of central collective leadership in a planned way to achieve a smooth transition. Fully adhere to the CPC Central Committee and the Party's basic line, continue to take economic construction as the center of efforts to correct the In the case of dramatic changes in the international situation, the Chinese Communist Party in accordance with calm observation, calm approach to deal with, keep your eyes focused on the good things on their own, have made the decision on the strengthening of good governance, on the further improvement and rectification, deepen reform of the decision on the strengthening of links with the masses of the party's decision, on the development and opening up policy, Pudong, Shanghai, on the Ten-Year Plan for national economic and social development and the the decision of agriculture and rural work. Critical moment in the history of the Chinese Communist Party to make these important decisions, is entirely correct. Socialist modernization, not only a stable domestic environment, also needs a peaceful international environment. Deng Xiaoping, the situation and proposed a set of diplomatic strategy. He suggested that peace and development are two major issues of the contemporary world, we must adhere to the independent foreign policy of peace, oppose hegemony and safeguard world peace. He advocated peaceful coexistence as a new international political order and the criteria for new international economic order. He stressed that China will always belong to the Third World, and never seek hegemony. Under the auspices of his achieve the Sino-US relations, the conclusion of the Sino-Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty, the Soviet Union returned to the relationship between two parties and countries, developed with the neighboring countries and friendly relations with Third World countries. He visited many countries, received the leaders of many countries. Late 80s early 90s, the international situation, the socialist cause serious twists and turns of the situation, he proposed to calm observation, hold our ground, calmly cope with the country's sovereignty and security should always come first. Deng Xiaoping, China's modernization drive a favorable international conditions for the maintenance of world peace and human progress, made a great contribution. The proportion of urban population increased greatly, differences in industry and agriculture, urban and rural differences and the trend of widening regional disparities gradually reversed. Relatively sound social security system, relatively full employment, family property and people lead more affluent lives. Grass-roots democracy, good social order, people live and work. People have access to better educational opportunities, basic universal high school education and eliminate illiteracy. The formation of learning for all, lifelong learning learning society, promote the comprehensive development.

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Records of Chinese History is
birth education and development of the nation's history. It developed feudal society, has created a contemporary world's highest civilization. But when entering certain areas of Western capitalism, especially when the Western capitalist powers invaded China, the Chinese more and more behind. Revolution of 1911 overthrew the monarchy, the establishment of the Republic of China, China won a new starting point for progress. The establishment of the PRC in 1949, opened the road to revitalizing the Chinese nation in the socialist future.
directory
Introduction to prehistoric times, pre-Qin era the Age of Enlightenment era of Shang and Zhou Wei Qin and Han Sui and Tang Dynasties era of history in the Yuan Dynasty Ming and Qing dynasties of the 20th century to the era of the 21st Century About related works China is one of four ancient civilizations, Chinese civilization, also known as the Chinese civilization, is the world's oldest civilizations, is one of the world's longest continuous civilization. Chinese civilization has a long history, from the Yellow Emperor, counting more than 5,000 years. Some scholars have pointed out that the Chinese nation has Universally acknowledged that China is one of the oldest civilizations. Generally believed that the direct source of Chinese civilization, there are two, namely, the Yellow River civilization, the Yangtze River civilization, Chinese civilization are the two regional cultural exchanges, integration and sublimation of the fruit. Counting from the Yellow Emperor in Chinese history and about 5000 years. Historical scholars believe that the history of human civilization, the Modern archaeological findings of the 3350 years ago (before 1350) of the Shang Dynasty Oracle, about 4,000 years ago to 5,000 years ago, pottery, some 5,000 years ago to 7,000 years ago, the nature of the turtle with text symbols carved bone Lease. Distinguished from the political and social patterns of Chinese history, according to archaeological data, about 6000 years ago, earlier than the late Peiligang or Yangshao early times, the Central Plains region transition from a matriarchal society to a patriarchal clan society. Meanwhile, the original social equality be broken. According to historical records, the Xia Dynasty has begun to hereditary kings, the Zhou Dynasty to establish a complete system of feudal society to the gradual deconstruction of the Eastern Zhou, the Qin Dynasty unified the political and national differences in the text and many civil measurement system, and the establishment of political centralization. Indications from the Han Dynasty from the National Civil Zeyi until the Qing Dynasty. 1911 Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Qing Dynasty 200 years of rule, but also the end of the continuation of 2,000 years of feudal monarchy, the establishment of the Republic of China, this is the greatest event in modern history, one. In 1945, the Kuomintang launched a civil war, the Chinese Communist Party after three years of the war of liberation, in 1949, overthrew the Kuomintang government. October 1, 1949, at the founding ceremony Beijing's Tiananmen Square, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central People's Government, solemnly declared: People's Republic was established. Prehistoric times, the earliest ever found the Chinese Shu higher primates monkeys in 4500 million years ago to live in the southern area of China. 224 years of archaeological evidence to
Zhoukoudian site people, such as Beijing Homo erectus. These are now known traces of early hominids. China's prehistoric cultures is the result of the following phases: the early Paleolithic Homo erectus-based medium-term (about 50-40 million years ago), and then into the middle and late Paleolithic, the Upper Cave human representatives, since about 20 to more than 10 million years ago. Representation of the early Neolithic culture is Peiligang, belonging to a matriarchal society during this period, there is no obvious social stratification. Then is represented by the Neolithic Yangshao, this period, the social nature of the transition from a matriarchal society to a patriarchal clan society, the gradual deepening social divide between rich and poor, while productivity has improved significantly. And the Longshan culture, represented by the late Neolithic period, about 4900 years to appear in the year 4100, the current archaeological work has been in the Yangtze River, Yellow River Basin found that a number of sites belonging to this period, the city group, group of city sites such as the Central Plains, Jianghan City Site group, such groups Haidai City Site. This may indicate that the Longshan era, forms of social organization considerable changes have taken place. According to the present archaeological research in the Neolithic Age in China presents the case of multiple side by side: about 7,000 years to 5,000 years ago in Henan Province, southern Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Gansu Province, in southern South and will have the use of terracotta Yangshao, pottery and consumption characteristics of millet and livestock keepers. And about the same time, there appeared in the eastern Zhejiang Province, Hemudu culture, Zhejiang Province, north of the Liangzhu culture emerged, in Shandong Province Dawenkou culture. And after the discovery of such sites and Sanxingdui Erlitou was the representative of the Bronze Age. Age of Enlightenment,paul smith mens, the formation of Chinese civilization in the Central Plains region of the Yellow River Basin. Early history, word of mouth. Mythology beginning of the world, Nu Wa made man argument.
dwarfed descendants of the Yellow Emperor, like
legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, is an outstanding leader of the Xia Dynasty before the representatives of thousands of years, specifically, have a different view. Generally believed that San Juan is the Sui people, Fu Xi, Shen Nong, and Nu Wa, a serious fire in three, five emperors generally refers to the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Yao and Shun. Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors from to, the number of years does not, at least when no less than thousands of years. It is now sorted out the legend, Emperor Huang Di was formerly the head of a branch of the tribe, a powerful spring after the Battle of Osaka beat Yan, a new tribal alliance leaders, followed by South and East Chi tribal conflict, in Argumentation war completely defeated opponents, establish their dominance. Later, the grandson of Emperor Zhuan Xu and great-great-grandson Ku continue to serve as the leader of the tribal alliance. Ku Yao, the son of the throne, he was a Xianjun, the creation of a demise of the system, mass-bit to the Shun. In Shun period, flooding, Gun by blocking methods, results, more severe floods, the Gun was executed, his son Yu to ease the way by successfully control the flood, so it is elected as leader. However, his son Qi way undermined the demise of the system, self-reliance for the king, established the first hereditary dynasty - the Xia Dynasty, the Xia Dynasty lasted 400 years, primary in the last Xiachao Jun - Jie end of the business leaders of the East into a vassal state Tom seized power, established the Shang Dynasty. Pre-Qin era Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Xia Dynasty around the first hereditary to the former 2070 first 1600, due to the current period of history do not find the text of the artifacts confirmed, the only
Oracle
can be recorded by future generations and archaeological finds another control research, Chinese scholars generally believe that Erlitou site in Luoyang is the capital of the Xia Dynasty ruins, some scholars have doubts about this. According to written records, the Xia calendar with the earliest - Summer is small. But after the Shang Dynasty is the text of the artifacts found in the earliest period of history, present in about 1600 BC to about 1046 BC. It is said that the last Xia ruler - Jie, the dissolute Tom is no way to be overturned. The civilization was well developed during the Shang Dynasty, with calendar, bronze and mature text - Oracle and so on. The time of the Shang Dynasty to have a complete national organizations, and has the size of the feudal dynasty. Was the main productive sectors are agriculture, handicrafts, however, especially in bronze metallurgy levels are already very skilled. And has appeared in the original porcelain. After the Shang Dynasty from Pangeng, capital to Yin (Anyang, Henan Province today), also known as Yan Zhao. Shang is the son succession system or transmitted brother, inherited more than seniority by age. At the same time, the Yellow River upper reaches of the week of another tribe is gradually rise to about 1046 BC, Zhou King Wu, the Makino decisive victory in the war, fall of Shang. The formal establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, the Weihe River basin capital Gao Jing (now near Xi'an, Shaanxi). Zhou's forces after slowly infiltrated into the lower Yellow River and Huaihe River area. Zhou dynasty, is still the feudal aristocracy, many of the nobility Feng (princes). To the peak, the influence of the Zhou Dynasty in the South has crossed the Yangtze River, northeast to today's Liaoning Province, west of Gansu, east to Shandong. Patriarchal clan system has been established during the Zhou dynasty, regime institutions better. Since the Tang Yao, Yu Shun Zhizhou towards all the feudal times, kings and princes of divide and rule. The exact time of the earliest historical events have occurred in the Western Zhou Dynasty in 841 BC, people riot. Spring and Autumn Main article: Zhou, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn and Warring States 770 years ago, as was the invasion of northern nomads Quan Rong, Zhou King Ping Luo Eastward Migration of the Yellow River in the city (Henan Luoyang), Eastern Zhou Dynasty before the first Confucius
line teaching as (Wu Daozi for)
after the influence of the Zhou Dynasty weakened, replaced more than one hundred large and small, a small country (vassal States and dependencies), known as the Spring and Autumn period. Spring and Autumn Period there were more than a dozen major powers, including Jin, Qin, Zheng, Qi and Chu and so on. During this period of social unrest, wars, there have been five countries dominate, that is, Qi, Song, Jin, Chu, Qin (there is one that is homogeneous, Jin, Chu, Wu and Yue), collectively known as the Spring and Autumn Five Hegemons. To the first 546 years or so, basically the end of the Yellow River basin hegemony, Jin, Chu shared equally between the hegemony. 403 years ago, was divided into Han Jin, Zhao, the three kingdoms of Wei, known as Was killed together with the regime Tian Qi, and Qin, Chu, and Yan, adding that the Seven Warring States Warring States period began. Most of the Warring States Marxist historians began to be designated as the feudal society, but most of the Western and the scholars in Taiwan but will be designated as the collapse of the feudal society. Shang Yang 356 years before the start of Qin, Qin Guoguo power greatly enhanced, and finally elimination of the previous 221 years of the last six Qi, complete reunification of China has entered a new era of history. Spring and Autumn Period more freedom of academic thought, known as contending. China after the emergence of a number of far-reaching impact on the thinkers (philosophers), such as Lao Tzu, Confucius, Mo Zi, Zhuang Zi, Mencius, Xun Zi, Han Fei et al. There have been many academic schools, representing all ten known that the Taoist (natural), Confucian (ethics), the School of (astrological divination), Legalism (law), masters (rhetorical debate), Mo Zi (universal love of non-attack) , and miscellaneous (each co-director), farmers (ruler with the Geng), novelist (hearsay) and so on. Culture appeared in the personal name appears first in the history of Chinese literature poet Qu Yuan, He is the author of Chu, Li Sao and other literary works. Confucius compiled the Book of Songs. Distinguished history of war there home Sun Tzu Art of War, Sun Bin, Qi and so on. Mo occurred in the history of science and technology, architectural history has Luban, first invented the tiles, laid the basis for building technology in China. Can create sophisticated tanks and cavalry, but this time China is also very well-developed metallurgical, iron can create sophisticated, appeared on a variety of agricultural irrigation machinery, greatly improving the productivity, thereby greatly expanding the population for the future foundation. Appeared in the history of the Spring and Autumn (Tso), Mandarin, war policy. Basically, the source of Chinese culture can be found in this period. This period has also made great technological progress. Xia invented the Lunar Calendar, the decimal system emerged. Western Zhou Dynasty were measured with a sundial shadow of the sun to determine the season; Spring and Autumn period to determine the Ershibasu; the later generation of the ancient quarter of the calendar. Han Dynasty 221 BC, the Qin and the other six countries after the reunification of the main part of China, becoming the first Chinese monarch of a unified, centralized state ruled
Emperor
Home, its capital Xianyang (near Xi'an today .) As the King of Qin Ying Zheng [1] [2] considers himself He carried out many items of national reforms, including the establishment of a centralized, replacing the feudal Zhou Dynasty packet system; unified text, the official language of convenience; uniform weights and measures, to facilitate the engineering calculations. Chi Tao Qin Shi Huang also strongly built and straight, and connected to the Warring States Period, Zhao, Yan and Qin north of siege, the building became the west Lintao, east to the Great Wall of Liaodong in order to resist the Huns from the north, east and other nomadic Hu attacks. Emperor respected the rule of law as the prime minister Li Si re Legalism, and listen to his advice, ordered the Burning of the Books, the world collection of weapons, servitude seventy million people, and their tombs built Fanggong - including the Terracotta Warriors and so on. 210 years ago, the emperor died on patrol on the way, Hu Hai (ie, Qin II) and Zhao Gao conspiracy killed Prince, Hu Hai ascended the throne. But ten months later, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Daze Heung Jiegan in the uprising, including six left Chendeng careerist momentum rebellion, 206 years before the siege of Xianyang Liu, Qin Wangzi infants around itself out of the city to surrender, Dynasty perished. Since then, HW Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, King of Western Chu Chu and Han started the battle for the world's war. December 202 BC, Xiang Yu was besieged at the boundary under the Han (now Anhui Lingbi), besieged on all sides. Xiang Yu in the Wujiang Suicide death. Chu dispute to this end. Han emperor Liu Bang Dengji capital in Chang'an (now Xi'an), Western Han had begun. As a result of the Qin Dynasty Han emperor witnessed severe penalties, Endowment heavy and fast death. So reign kept taxes low, so that people could recuperate. To the Han Dynasty, Han Dynasty reached its peak. And with Rome, Parthia (Parthia), Kushan and the four major empires. Accepted the proposal of Emperor Zhu Fuyan order to implement push Well, completely undermine the forces to seal the country, strengthen the monitoring system, to achieve centralization; he sent Wei Qing, Huo, Li and other generals, the Northern Expedition, the successful control of the Western defeated the Huns, also sent Zhang Qian the Han Dynasty, pioneering the famous Silk Road, the development of foreign trade, making China a real understanding of the outside world, promoting cultural exchange. Confucianism was established as the official ideology of the mainstream, becoming the dominant ideology. Other thriving arts and culture. Appeared in the same period also the first biographical masterpiece History - Development to the Western Han Dynasty began to decline for a century or so. 9, the wife's family of Wang Mang seized power, announced a series of reforms, changing the country for the new. However, these reforms are often unrealistic, leading to peasant uprisings. Liu Hsiu restored the Han dynasty in 25 years, its capital Luoyang, known as the Eastern Han Dynasty, and he is Han Guangwu. The development of the Eastern Han Dynasty Western Han Dynasty tradition continues, this time there astronomer Zhang Heng. Qin Han culture lessons learned, seems quite open-minded, when Buddhism arrived in China by the Western Regions, built in Luoyang, Henan Province in China's first Buddhist temple - the White Horse Temple, the official introduction of Buddhism to China. In the era of the late Eastern Han Wei, eunuchs and the wife's family long-term struggle for power, hit by the Yellow Turbans, to around the second century AD, when the decline again, 196 years, Cao Cao Cao Cao Wei Wudi

control of the Eastern Han dynasty, Xu Han Xiandi welcome to all the Wu capital in Legend (now Nanjing), entered the Three Kingdoms period of history. 263, Sima Zhao Wei Quan Chen Shu troops off. 266 years, Sima Zhao's son Sima Yan emperor, established the Jin Dynasty capital in Luoyang. 280 Jin Three Kingdoms return once again unified. 290 less than a year after the death of Emperor Wu, sixteen years of imperial power struggle began, known as At the same time, the Central Plains around the five nomadic (Huns, Qiang, Di, Jie) together with the displaced persons around the anti-Jin, known as Chinese five random. These nomads have set up their own countries, from 304 to 409 years, one after another in northern China has established a number of countries, including into the Han, the former Zhao, after Zhao, Former Yan, the former cold, Qian Qin, Later Qin, Hou Yan, Xiqin, after the cold, cold north, south cool, Nam Yin, Xiliang, Yan Xia and the North, known as the Sixteen States. Since the late Eastern Han Dynasty, as Duobizhanluan, a large number of Han people moved to the north the south, resulting in economic center of gravity began to move south; Jin Chaonan to move capital at Jiankang (now Nanjing), previously known as the history of the Western Jin Dynasty, after south Eastern Jin Dynasty. Finally, the pa unified the north, the establishment of the first dynasty of the Northern Dynasties - the Northern Wei Dynasty, Northern and Southern formed the opposition. Experienced Southern Song, Qi, Liang, Chen's replacement, but there are the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou. Very popular in Northern and Southern Dynasties period of Buddhism, Buddhist master flooded the West came to China, and many Buddhist scriptures were translated into Chinese. Sui and Tang Dynasties in 581, Yang Jian Zhou established the Sui Dynasty replaced, capital of Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, near), random Huahou Han Sui is a family of five in the north to re-establish the great unified dynasty, ending a long since the Western Jin Dynasty up to nearly three hundred divisions. China has had to split after three hundred years of war to achieve a uniform again. Tai Sui Dynasty in Chinese history one of the greatest dynasties, the Sui Dynasty established the importance in the political system - the system of six provinces, creating a far-reaching examination system, the reform imperative; continue in the military and reform Fu Bing system; in the economy on the one hand the implementation of the uniformed soil and rent yung modulation, on the other hand adopted a Sui is also beefing the world-famous Grand Canal, consolidate the rule of the central region of southeastern enhance North-South economic and cultural links.
Emperor Li Shimin (598 ~ 649)
618 years, Gaozu Li Yuan established the Tang dynasty, it is the continuation of Chinese history, one of the longest dynasties. 626, Li Shimin reign, the Tang Dynasty began to enter its peak, known as Golden Years. Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) was the largest city in the world, the Tang civilization is the most advanced civilization at that time. The wife of Emperor Li Zhi Wu Qianduluoyang, and became the emperor, became the only recognized female emperor in the history, changing the country week and is scheduled to Buddhism as state religion, wide repair temples, massive construction projects. Sui Dynasty imperial examination system was created more scientific and fair personnel selection system. The development of the Tang Dynasty and many good relations with neighboring countries, married Princess Wen Cheng in Tibetan and brought a large number of silk and handicrafts. Japan has been sending envoys to China learned monks and students. Tang Dynasty's culture at its best, especially the poems by the larger development, but also compiled a number of biographical history books. Tang Dynasty, many great writers have emerged, such as poet Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai, Du Mu, and essayist Han Yu. Is the most prosperous Tang Dynasty Buddhist religion, Xuan Zang went to Tianzhu learn, Volume 1335, after returning into the Scriptures, and the Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an built to store Buddhist scriptures. Early Tang policy of religious tolerance taken, outside of Buddhism, Taoism, Manichaeism (Manicheism), Nestorianism, and Islam have also been widely disseminated. All this great-grandson of Emperor Li Shimin Li Longji in the reign of the peak, known as the Golden Age Kaiyuan. However, in 755, Rebellion broke out, the Tang Dynasty which began to decline. 875 years, Huang Chao Uprising broke out. Uprising was eventually suppressed, but the Tang central government has completely lost control of local warlords. 907 Zhu Wen usurped Tang warlords, build back rest. Military forces also have their own local separatist regimes, the formation of the Five Dynasties and Ten States chaos. Song Li Shi fifty years after a dispute, the 960 years after the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty controlled most of China, but Yanyun sixteen states (Youyun sixteen states) established the Khitan tribe in the north
Riverside Local
in the hands of the Liao (After Five in the Jintai Zu Although the crusade against the Northern Song Dynasty Liao and Western Xia had sent troops, but they failed, done deal, reluctantly, had to increasingly grow in the Liao and Western Xia to pay year-old currency. Respectively, occurred in the late Northern Song Wang, Sima Guang, led by Old Parties, increasing social unrest. To the 1125 establishment of the Songhua River Basin Jurchen Jin forces, began to grow, 1125, Liao Jin off. Golden State then began to attack the weakness of the Northern Song Dynasty, 1127 (Jingkang first year) Golden State defeated Northern Song capital of Bianjing (now Kaifeng), captured three thousand royal family, including the then Emperor Song Hui Zong Song Qinzong and overlord, as Chin as the time of the reign were Jingkang, known Jingkang shame, Song perish. Song Qinzong brother the same year in Nanjing should be Tianfu Zhao Gou (now Shangqiu), or throne, capital Lin'an (now Hangzhou), known as the Southern Song Dynasty, sacrifice the south. After fighting several gold and the Southern Song Dynasty, but the two sides have not been a big breakthrough. Until 1234, Mongolia, and Southern United off payment. Southern Song Dynasty against the Mongols and then experienced the unprecedented large-scale bloody war (such as the Battle of Xiangfan, Diaoyu Cheng war.) 1271 Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty capital in Dadu (now Beijing). Yuan-jun in 1279 with the Southern Song Dynasty was Yaishan battle, 8-year-old Emperor Zhao was martyred tragic Lu Xiufu carrying the body to jump into the sea to die. Yaishan naval victory in the Yuan Dynasty ended, the Southern Song Dynasty at an end. Occurred in China during the Northern Song printing and gunpowder. China was a developed economy, China's maritime trade flourished, Quanzhou, Fujian area became a thriving port, China's total economic output at half of the world, financial earnings over one hundred million taels of silver, the capital of Kaifeng and Hangzhou population reached 100 million and 120 million people, the relative was more than a dozen people in terms of Florence, and Paris is very busy indeed, national businessmen gather, but culture heyday, there was Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi Neo-Confucian, etc., to promote three from the four virtues. Keep pace with the Tang Song, text by Su Shi and other great poets words, there has been the history of China's most famous poetess Qingzhao, social and cultural development, there has been very famous, such as romantic love story Butterfly Lovers. Yuan established the Yuan era, after absorbing the one hand, many Central Plains culture, institutions and the rule of the Central Plains ways to rule, and vigorously promote the theory of Zhu Xi's faction (ie, Neo-Confucianism), making the Neo-Confucianism as the Yuan Dynasty (Ming and Qing Dynasty) the official ideology, on the other hand the implementation of the national rating system, the first such is the Mongols; second and so is the Jin, including the original gold-ruled areas of the Khitan, Jurchen tribe, etc.; fourth and so is the This system led to the Han ethnic grievances, many Han Chinese as a foreign government to the Yuan Dynasty, and launched several resistance. In addition to traditional agricultural Yuan Dynasty, but also more emphasis on business. Is very busy most of the Yuan capital, businessmen gathered from around the world. In culture, appeared with the Tang, Song and said the Yuan, emerged as Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shih-fu, and other famous composers. And compared to most Chinese feudal dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty and the concept of ideology and culture are two very significant features: one is compatible, and the second is Under the guidance of this idea in the Yuan Dynasty show compatible cultural environment and pragmatic features. Great Yuan Dynasty cultural compatibility in the following aspects: it is not ancient history only from the official point of view that Yuan who has not yet found an instance of misfortune because of speech. According to statistics, the Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties and cultural ban is only a few one-tenth; it is China's feudal history, the only clearly religious freedom of the dynasty, when all the world's religions in China have venues and believers . Compatible with the cultural atmosphere and cultural development in China provides a good environment. China's People today the Yuan Dynasty and Tang, Song tie, regarded as a treasure of Chinese culture. The reason why some scholars think that Yuan was born and prosperity in the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, mainly due to the impact of the North Minority Ethics and cultural policy accommodation, Confucian culture, social status further. Confucius during the Yuan Dynasty was called the Mencius and other ancient Mingru also received a high title; the Yuan dynasty in Chinese history for the first time set up special Yuan of the public education over the previous generation, the College are more than 400, state the number of schools reached 24,400 more than the maximum. Confucian culture on the development of the Yuan, Chen Yuan is this evaluation: On the play, but as of Qianlong of two decades ago, irrespective of the Qianlong Twenty years later, the Han, Tang and Qing academic Sheng, Qi Guo Yuan! Establishment of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty in feudal society, increasing, and has a more urgent development requirements. Therefore, compared with the Song, Yuan and pragmatic cultural spirit is very significant. Founder of the Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan advocate Accordingly, he proposed the has also been a rapid development: from a series of large-scale governmental organizations astronomical measurement activities to China in many fields of astronomy at the world advanced level (such as the angle between the ecliptic scientific data, the number of stars, calendars, etc.); in geography organized the first time in history the Yellow River in China Heyuan field expedition; in agricultural technology and popularization of agricultural science, the North-South thing extensive exchange of crops, local agricultural techniques (such as production tools) from each other, full of cotton grown in the promotion of the Yuan Dynasty, many crops gained popularity. Government to strengthen the summary and popularization of agricultural science and technology work, Secretary for Agriculture Secretary editor of metal type, runner typesetting printing method and chromatography. In addition, the yuan regime of medicine, shipbuilding, ceramics manufacturing, and water has also been given high priority. Khanate Yuan and four other power generation, so that after the 13th century, major European and Asian political landscape changes, East Asia, Central and West Asia region a lot of old buildings of instant power disappeared in parts of Europe into the Mongol Empire under the rule. There is no doubt that the cruel war, violent social unrest, gave European and Asian countries has brought great pain to the people. But wars of conquest and the subsequent establishment of the Mongol regime in the positive impact of the objective can not be ignored, it makes economic and cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia barriers be broken. Mongolian rulers encouraged trade liberalization policy, convenience, safety Inn traffic, narrowed the distance between Europe and Asia, so that direct dialogue between cultures, to become a reality, reduced by the development of the Eurasian continent is not between regions balance and because of geographical space and man-made closed the gap caused by the process of civilization. Communication to the Chinese understanding of the world, the world understand China, between East and West the mystery has been lifted, the world history of civilization entered a new era. If the cultural history from the Chinese perspective, the impact of the Yuan Dynasty is mainly reflected in two aspects: to promote the internationalization of China. In ancient China, the largest outside of the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan dynasty. However, if the affected area from the outside, the number of countries and international status between the point of comparison, the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty is second to none. Preferential trade policies, smooth the trade routes, rich country, the beautiful legend, the Yuan Dynasty, the Western and the Arab world, the community formed a tremendous appeal. Both, most, Hangzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou has been an international city with color, as an international port of Quanzhou's largest foreign trade ports. Travelers, traders, missionaries, government envoys and artisans, by land and sea to China, some of them have long lived in China, some people also served as government officials. According to statistics, these people were from Persia, Iraq, Afghanistan velocity, Hong Lane, Syria, Morocco, Korea, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Poland, Hungary, Russia, Britain, France, Italy, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan and other countries . After returning some people record their knowledge in China. It was these travels, so that the first Westerners to grasp a more comprehensive information on China and the East, a civilized and prosperous China, a true showcase to the world. This information changed the European understanding and awareness of the world. Academics generally agreed that the writings of Marco Polo and others of the era of great sailing ships had a crucial impact. Ancient cultural exchange to create the most prosperous era. Yuan by sea Reach the African coast by sea, land exchanges leading to Western Europe, a unified environment for the international, regional exchanges to create an unprecedented facilities, known as the In a large number of Arabs, Europeans flock to the East, the Chinese people are more open view on the neighboring countries, Central Asia, South Asia and a clearer understanding of the Indian Ocean region, footprint or even extended to the West Asia and Western Europe. People to understand and introduce the outside world, no longer limited to hearsay, but mostly personal experience. If Wang Taiyuan of the The book records the names of hundreds, as well as strategically located around the mountains, climate, property, customs figures, China's economic and cultural exchanges between the situation and so on, mostly former does not contain content. Similar to the literature as well as cultural understanding and open new horizons. The unprecedented prosperity of Western economic and cultural exchanges, so that the different regions, countries and regions, economic and cultural two-way communication between the acceleration. China, gunpowder, the compass, printing technology spread to the Arabian and Europe, promoting the process of civilization in these areas. Arab medicine, astronomy, agricultural technology, European mathematics, metal craft, sculpture and art in South Asia into China, and promote the rich culture of ancient China and developed. Great Yuan cultural exchange information and spread the wide range of future historical influence, are unprecedented in human history. Can be said that the achievements of Western civilization, the first time a full range of shared situation. 1368 Ming and Qing dynasties, the emperor-led peasant uprising to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty in the Central Plains, the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. Early capital of Nanjing. Battle of Jing Nan Zhu Di launched in 1421 moved the capital to Beijing, the Ming entered its heyday. 1405, Yongle Emperor Yongle Emperor Zhu Di, the appointment of Zheng
(reign: 1402 -1424 years)
ordered seven voyages, had reached the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and Africa. Culture appeared in the Wang Yangming, Li Zhi and other thinkers, and the 1449, when the next Yingzong defeat in the Northern Expedition Wala prisoners, the military wiped out 50 million, known as Fort civil change. However, the Ming Dynasty in a very short period of time re-emergence, but also a Powerful political reform in Middle Ming Ming Jang, Ming Shenzong time, the economic development of the Ming Dynasty to the peak. 1627, the late Ming peasant uprising broke out. 1644, uprising leader Li Zicheng capture Beijing, Ming Zhu Yi were hanging by the prosecution, Qingjunruguan. The south by the Secretary of State has supported Fukuo Zhu Song (Hung Kuang), Yu-tang Zhu key (Wu Long), Gui Wang Zhu from the palm (Winor) for the Emperor, known as the Southern Ming, the final result of power shortage and political infighting destroyed by the Qing Dynasty. The late Ming dynasty, the Manchu live in the northeast region began to flourish, and finally captured Beijing in 1644, shortly after Rereading the expulsion of Li Zicheng entered Beijing, the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, when the southward retreat to Taiwan Ming Jiu Chen Zheng island and expelled the Dutch, where settlers, the Qing army took over later. In the half century after the Qing Dynasty also attacked and occupied many regions, such as Xinjiang, Tibet, Mongolia and Taiwan. Emperor Kangxi, the Qing court in the Heilongjiang area also with Russia war, which culminated in 1689 signed a treaty in Chinese history - Qing rulers adopted a policy of seclusion, so that China lagged behind in history. By the 19th century, the Qing had to decline, has erupted in Jiaqing White Lotus, Tenrikyo large-scale uprising. At the same time the sea
situation depicted by the world powers of China's cartoon
on the country the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Portugal have started to enforce trade with China. In 1787, China began to enter the British opium traders, led by the China's international trade surplus into a huge deficit. The Qing court in 1815 issued a search Yangchuan opium statute, however, ignore the ban on British business is still a lot of opium smuggling, dynasty emperor in 1838, Lin sent to Guangzhou smoking. June 1839, to 2.37 million kilograms of opium in Humen destruction, known as Humenxiaoyan. So the British Government in June 1840 launched the Opium War. In 1842, British forces entered the Yangtze River, cutting off supplies south of Beijing, so the sum of the Qing, the signed by China and imperialism, the first unequal treaty, sovereignty undermined. China historians generally think that this is the beginning of modern Chinese history. At the same time China's struggle against the re-emergence of the Qing Dynasty. 1851 to 1864, the influence of Christianity by the establishment of Hong worship God scholar, launched in the Gold Fields Guiping County armed uprising and created the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Taiping was once occupied by the South's 18 provinces, and capital in Tianjing (now Nanjing), the establishment of central government politics and religion. There are other sports during the same period world will, Nien, Shanghai knife will revolt, Hui Army and so on. The struggle against the Qing Dynasty until the mid-1860s, the basic subsided. The late 19th century, Britain, France, Russia and Japan invaded China many times and forced unequal treaties China signed with them. In 1860, British and French forces in the Second Opium War, the invasion of Beijing, looting and burning Yuanmingyuan imperial garden, and then with the Qing court signed the Russia through the In 1895, China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War after the Japanese signed the In order to enhance and consolidate national defense, the implementation of the Qing Dynasty began in the 1860s from the Westernization Movement, the national power has been restored, and once appeared in the Restoration of the situation. Qing recovered Xinjiang in 1877, 1881, through the After the Sino-French War was known as the Qing Dynasty also established the first in Asia and sixth in the world of modern naval fleet - the Northern Navy. Sino the failure of China at that time had a great impact. In 1898, after the Emperor Guangxu agreed in Chikamasa Kang, Liang et al's political reform advocates, from June 11 to September 21, known as the Hundred Days Reform of 103 days for a number of reforms, but in the end the Empress After the failed coup ended the Queen Mother. In 1899, the Boxer Rebellion broke out, with Thus, countries in order to free the name of the Beijing embassy staff invading China, known as Boxer Rebellion. In 1901, the Qing government was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol with countries, claims 450 million taels of silver, divided for 39 years to pay off (both principal and interest combined 980 million), while along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan troops stationed in the country, opening for the Beijing Dong Jiao Min Xiang the embassy district, people will not be admitted and so on.
20th century to the 21st century Sun
1894 years, the Sun Yat-sen founded the first Chinese bourgeois revolutionary organization the Revive China Society. Early 20th century, bourgeois democratic revolutionary ideas are widely disseminated, there has been Zhang Binglin, Zou Rong, Chen Tianhua famous thinker and propagandist of the Democratic Revolution. With the spread of revolutionary ideas of democracy, the bourgeois revolutionary groups have been established. Chinese Alliance founded in 1905, marking the Chinese bourgeois democratic revolution has entered a new stage. Revolutionary war of words with the royalists, the further spread of revolutionary ideas of democracy, a strong impetus to the democratic revolution climax. League set up, visit the revolutionaries launched a ping sweet wine, and a series of uprisings in Guangzhou Huanghuagang, Protection Movement in Sichuan occurred. October 1911 Wuchang Uprising succeeded. 1911 Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Qing Dynasty 200 years of rule, but also the end of the continuation of 2,000 years of feudal monarchy, the establishment of the Republic of China, this is the greatest event in modern history, one. Occurred in the May Fourth Movement of 1919 is considered the modern Chinese history, the ideological origin of many important events. The direct cause is to be imposed on China after World War I the unequal terms. This led to a strong patriotism initiated by students at all levels and to develop the country's protest movement. It also causes all sorts of new ideas into China, the most striking is the spread of Marxism-Leninism in China. In 1921, Mao Zedong and other representatives of around 12 people in Shanghai, the communist group held its first National Congress of the Communist Party of China was born. Communist Party of China led the Chinese people in the process of democratic revolution, through the Northern Expedition (1924-1927), the Agrarian Revolutionary War (1927-1937), Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the National Liberation War (1945 - 1949), four historical stages. Anti-Japanese War, Chinese Communist Party and the KMT cooperation and common fight against the aggressors and win a war victory. In 1945, the Kuomintang launched a civil war, the Chinese Communist Party after three years of the war of liberation, in 1949, overthrew the Kuomintang government. October 1, 1949, Beijing, brought together 30 million people at the founding ceremony in Tiananmen Square, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central People's Government, solemnly declared: People's Republic was established.
Mao Zedong
founded, the Chinese government has succeeded in accounting for more than 90% of the total agricultural population of the area to complete the land reform, three hundred million peasants were got about 47 million hectares of land. 1953-1957 five-year plan to implement the first great achievements: the average annual growth rate of 8.9% of national income over; necessary to establish a group of industrialized countries, the past is not the basic industries, including aircraft and automotive manufacturing, heavy and precision machinery manufacturing, power generation equipment manufacturing, metallurgy and mining equipment manufacturing and high alloy steel and nonferrous metal smelting and so on. From 1957 to 1966, is China's large-scale socialist construction. In 1966 compared with 1956, the country's industrial fixed assets increased by 3 times the original price, national income at constant prices grew by 58%; the output of major industrial products has increased ten times or even several times; agricultural infrastructure and launched a large-scale transformation. May 1966 to October 1976 is the October 1976, Jiang Qing counter-revolutionary group was crushed, December 1978 and the Third Plenary Session of the CPC held in plenary session with Deng Xiaoping at the core of the formation of the second generation of central collective leadership (the first generation of Chinese Communist Party leadership with Mao Zedong at the core, is an important member of Deng Xiaoping), assume the arduous mission, achieved a great historical turning point, creating a new period of development of China's socialist cause. Before and after the Third Plenum of the CPC leadership and support on practice is the only standard of truth, the great debate. The discussion broke personality cult and the Hua Guofeng, who approved the This is the ideological line set things right. Third Plenary Session of the Chinese Communist Party in abandoning the This is the political line of the order out of chaos. In determining the transfer of the same work center, made a great decision-making reform and opening up, and for the restoration of order errors in thought process, unequivocally stressed the need to adhere to the socialist road, uphold the people's democratic dictatorship, leadership of the CPC, adhere to Marxism-Leninism Mao Zedong Thought. basis. Communist Party of China emphasized the importance of the correct organizational line to ensure the correct ideological line and political line of the implementation. The new requirements under the historical turning point, to strengthen the party organizations, and gradually adjust and enrich the leading bodies at all levels, make cadres more revolutionary, younger, better educated and more professional approach, leading posts abolished tenure actually exist, the implementation of new cadres of cooperation and alternation. History of major non-Communist Party of China made serious clean-up. A series of measures, redress injustices, the implementation in favor of strengthening the Party's solidarity and mobilize all positive factors of the policy. Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh CPC devoted to a number on the history of the party since the founding of the resolution, absolute negation of the thought to maintain the historical status of Mao Zedong, affirmed the guiding role of Mao Zedong Thought. With the development of the domestic situation and international situation changes, more and more shows to make this important decision from the party the courage and vision. Basically completed in the restoration of order, based on the September 1982 meeting of the Twelfth CPC National Congress. The General Assembly, Fan's goals. A third step followed by the middle of next century to achieve socialist modernization strategy. The most salient feature of the new period of reform and opening. Reform and opening up started from the Third Plenary Session, XII, after full swing. It has gone from rural to urban reform, reform, reform of economic system reforms to various aspects of the system, from the outside world and invigorating to the opening of the magnificent historical process. Starting from the country, which is consistent with China's strategic decision-making. The household contract is great creation of Chinese farmers. Respect the wishes of the masses of the CPC Central Committee, and actively support the test, pushing the country a few years effort. Abolition of communes and do not take the road of land privatization, but mainly the household contract combines unified and separate, two-tier management to solve the rural areas of China's socialist system, the major problem. 800 million farmers to obtain the autonomy to manage their land, plus the basic cancellation unified purchasing of agricultural products, open most of the prices of agricultural products, so that the long-term stagnation of agricultural production out of the plight of the rural economy toward specialization, commercialization, rapid social development, the majority of urban and rural people has been significantly benefits, led to the reform and construction. Township enterprises, is another great creation of farmers. It is for rural surplus labor transfer out from the land for rural prosperity and the progressive realization of the modernization of industry and the economy to promote the reform and development, opening up a new path. The reform of rural to urban areas to adapt to the new situation, the CPC-second session of the Third Plenary adopted the decision of economic reform. The decision of China's socialist economy is based on public ownership in a planned commodity economy, breaking the planned economy with the commodity economy, opposition to the traditional concept of the Marxist political economy of new developments to provide for the comprehensive new economic reform theoretical guidance. Then, the Chinese Communist Party have decided on the science and technology system and education system reform, and further the objectives and tasks of political reform. Set up in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen Special Economic Zone 4 is the major step of opening up is the use of foreign capital, technology and management experience to develop a new test of the socialist economy has made great achievements. Practice has proved that the special economic zones named After setting up special economic zones in, but also have a dozen open coastal cities in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta in southern Fujian, the Bohai Sea region to open up economic development zones, economic zones approved and become Hainanjianxing. Expanding opening-up, two hundred million population, the rapid development of the coastal zone, a strong impetus to the country's reform and opening up and economic construction.
Deng
smooth progress of reform and construction, requires a strong ideological and political guarantees. Communist Party of China proposed a series of Sixth Plenary Session of the CPC made twelve are the four cardinal principles of spiritual civilization. The Party also stressed throughout the process of socialist modernization should be carried out against bourgeois liberalization of education and struggle. In order to solve Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan issue and realize the reunification of the motherland, Deng Xiaoping, respect for history and present situation of reality, creatively put forward the Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan under the capitalist system. September 1982, he was meeting with British Prime Minister, elaborated on China's basic position to solve our problems, maintaining the country's sovereignty and dignity. In 1983 he proposed to solve the Taiwan issue, He for the plot to split China, emphasizing not give up a non-peaceful means to resolve the Taiwan issue. CPC XII, China in accordance with the After two years of negotiations in 1984 on Dec. 19 the leaders of Japan and British governments signed in Beijing the Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong. Clearly stipulated in the Joint Declaration, the PRC government in July 1, 1997 resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong. Hong Kong, Macau problems provides an example solution to the problem. After negotiations, 13 April 1987 the leaders of the two governments in Beijing, China and Portugal signed the Joint Declaration on the Question of Macao. The Joint Declaration provides that the PRC Government on December 20, 1999 resumption of sovereignty over Macao. 1987 年 October 25-November 1 meeting of the Thirteenth National Congress of the CPC. Major historical achievements of this conference is more systematic exposition of the theory of the primary stage of socialism in China, a clear elucidation of the party in general and comprehensive taking the economic development strategy: first, gross national product to double in 1980 to address the people's food and clothing; second, to the end of the century, the growth of GNP doubled, and the people live a fairly comfortable ; the third step, the next century, per capita GDP reached the level of moderately developed countries, people's lives richer, the basic realization of modernization. Since the Third Plenary Session of the General Assembly spoke highly of the building began to find the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, great significance, stressing that this is Marxism with China's practice of combining the process, following the road to find the Chinese democratic revolution, to achieve the first After a historic leap in the second historic leap. Thirteen Congress, the complexity of difficult domestic and international circumstances, the Chinese Communist Party and the leadership of people of all nationalities unite to overcome difficulties and achieve social stability, political stability and economic development. China's economy from 1984 to 1988, experienced a period of accelerated development of the leap, to show the agricultural and industrial, rural and urban, reform and development and promote each other's vivid situation, the entire national economy to a new level. At the same time there have been some advance questions, large price fluctuations are mainly a little more serious duplication. Communist Party of China decided to use some time management of economic environment, rectifying the economic order, in order to facilitate better promote the reform and construction. Spring and summer of 1989, a political disturbance occurred, the party relying on the people and the government take a clear stand against the chaos subsided counter-revolutionary rebellion took place in Beijing to defend the socialist state power and safeguard the fundamental interests of the people to ensure that the reform and opening up modernization to move forward. At the same time, the central make clear that the Party's basic line and thirteen big decision is correct, not because of political turmoil and shake this place. Fourth Session of the Thirteenth CPC Central Committee elected the new central collective leadership. After the Fourth Plenary Session, the Fifth Plenary Session, with Deng Xiaoping at the core and the second generation of central collective leadership with Jiang Zemin at the core of the third generation of central collective leadership in a planned way to achieve a smooth transition. Fully adhere to the CPC Central Committee and the Party's basic line, continue to take economic construction as the center of efforts to correct the In the case of dramatic changes in the international situation, the Chinese Communist Party in accordance with calm observation, calm approach to deal with, keep your eyes focused on the good things on their own, have made the decision on the strengthening of good governance, on the further improvement and rectification, deepen reform of the decision on the strengthening of links with the masses of the party's decision, on the development and opening up policy, Pudong, Shanghai, on the Ten-Year Plan for national economic and social development and the the decision of agriculture and rural work. Critical moment in the history of the Chinese Communist Party to make these important decisions, is entirely correct. Socialist modernization, not only a stable domestic environment, also needs a peaceful international environment. Deng Xiaoping, the situation and proposed a set of diplomatic strategy. He suggested that peace and development are two major issues of the contemporary world, we must adhere to the independent foreign policy of peace, oppose hegemony and safeguard world peace. He advocated peaceful coexistence as a new international political order and the criteria for new international economic order. He stressed that China will always belong to the Third World, and never seek hegemony. Under the auspices of his achieve the Sino-US relations, the conclusion of the Sino-Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty, the Soviet Union returned to the relationship between two parties and countries, developed with the neighboring countries and friendly relations with Third World countries. He visited many countries, received the leaders of many countries. Late 80s early 90s, the international situation, the socialist cause serious twists and turns of the situation, he proposed to calm observation, hold our ground, calmly cope with the country's sovereignty and security should always come first. Deng Xiaoping, China's modernization drive a favorable international conditions for the maintenance of world peace and human progress, made a great contribution. The proportion of urban population increased greatly, differences in industry and agriculture, urban and rural differences and the trend of widening regional disparities gradually reversed. Relatively sound social security system, relatively full employment, family property and people lead more affluent lives. Grass-roots democracy, good social order, people live and work. People have access to better educational opportunities, basic universal high school education and eliminate illiteracy. The formation of learning for all, lifelong learning learning society, promote the comprehensive development.