Development as the Reorganization of Skills

A natural but sometimes overlooked starting point for a conversation about student development is with a definition of development. As Feldman and Newcomb (1969) pointed out in their classic volume on college impact, it is important to differentiate development from change (a difference in an attribute over time) and growth (an increase in an attribute). From within the constructive developmental tradition, development is defined as the evolution of Replica Cartier skills (defined broadly to include abilities, capacities, ways of understanding) over time, where early level skills are reorganized into higher-level skills that allow individuals to manage more complex units of information, perspectives, and tasks.
As individuals use their new reorganizations, they apply these new ways of thinking to new problems and in new contexts, and in the process of applying and practicing these new skills, consolidate a new way of understanding. The evolution of skills provides the individual with a broader repertoire of possible responses; more importantly, it provides access to higher order responses based on skills that better equip an individual to respond to changing environmental conditions. Developing more complex ways of organizing what and how one knows is tantamount to changing one's worldview or literally, one's "habits of mind." When Mezirow (1997) called for educational practices that go well beyond inculcating specified points of view and that are instead transformative, he astutely observed, "Habits of mind are more durable than points of view". This observation is consistent with the way skills are organized that reflects a developmental orientation, that there is Replica Tag Heuer greater strength (or durability) in a structure of reasoning than there is in a point of view, which can more easily be changed.
Mezirow's (1997) contrast between a habit of mind and a point of view also suggests the difference between two key concepts that are very important in this definition of development, content and structure. In making interpretations about developmental level, content refers to the "what" of a belief, such as the outcome of a decision (e.g., which candidate a person voted for), whereas structure refers to the underlying assumptions guiding the decision-making process, such as whether and how the voter weighed factors influencing the decision, such as a candidate's experience, espoused values, the needs of a given office at the time of the election, the reactions of others to the candidates, and polls about the race. Because structure rather than content reflects the organization of thinking that is at the heart of development and developmental change, developmental assessment relies on evidence of structure. For example, two people could vote for the same candidate (content), but for reasons that reflect different habits of mind. If Student A's decision is based on a desire to vote the same way as his or her peers, and Student B's vote is based on an evaluation of the candidates' strengths and weaknesses and the correspondence of their views to his or her own values and priorities, the more complex structure of Student B's rationale would place Student B's reasoning at a higher developmental level. As Perry (1970) noted, "The advantage in mapping development in the forms of seeing, knowing, and caring lies precisely in their transcendence over content".

Shuo Yan carefully taken care of reporter

forehead thermometer skillfully shook out, handed the hands of her ex-husband: They did not remarry

11 years ago, Tonghua Gulina and Zhang Chongyi divorced. Dragon Boat Festival this year and learned that Zhang Chongyi much time suffering from a variety of no one to take care of SARS, she made a fantastic decision - to her ex-husband home to take care!
a granular feed to Zhang Chongyi musk mouth, smiled and said:
Gulina, 39, 44-year-old husband Zhang Chongyi, both before work with a factory in Tonghua. In 1992, Gulina and honest within the Zhang Chongyi married, although life is not rich, but Gulina kindness, filial piety, so she became known for a good wife.
soon after the marriage, they both laid off, and I feel depressed Zhang Chongyi started to drink, do not want to dry on a piecemeal job, stay at home a living wage by Gulina.
1998, in order to stimulate her husband to better themselves, Gulina and her husband divorced. She is not only a household purification, Peng Peng is also owned by the son of the man.
blame her mother filed for divorce, children do not even begin to see. But the mother in late August has been in poor health, Zhang Chongyi and often working outside, so do take care of his son or Gulina to dry.
these years, Zhang Chongyi remarried raised several times, also found Gulina persuaded his family, but taking into account the personality clashes, Zhang Chongyi or total drinking,levis jeans, she refused.
they have not remarried, but almost no contact. Until this year, Dragon Boat Festival, which is May 28 for a phone call, in turn they are linked together.
take her seriously ill husband that night car rushed to the hospital

Dragon Boat Festival early in the morning, Peng Peng Dad called, did not expect to live in Changchun Zhang Chongyi Sangu is connected to : Quickly dial the phone to comfort Peng Peng, but picked up the phone with people who are crying sound Gulina.
5 月 29 to 7 pm, with Peng Peng Gulina in Changchun city wards to allow Sangu was very surprised, mother and son take the night train overnight to a hard seat.

hospital diagnosis,levis jean, Zhang Chongyi suffering from liver necrosis, pulmonary effusion syndrome, the doctor said not much time, when Zhang Chongyi fight every day just to bottle 11, but also eat traditional Chinese medicine .
the home is difficult, Tonghua City,true religion online, took 5,000 dollars to the civil affairs departments, medical expenses is not enough, the rest are relatives take care of, the doctor kindly suggested to drink home medicine or to maintain it.
was Gulina heard.

said a lot on the car, quit her nanny job to take care of Zhang Chongyi.
Zhang Chongyi began resolutely opposed, for so many years without contact, he is embarrassed, and finally see Gulina is true, in the Sangu persuasion he agreed.
■ family Quotations

- neighbors know, everyone thumbs-up to her, but also said she was stupid, my mother and her students from the stuffiness. This can be Gulina insisted that

Gulina hand repeatedly said

p> as to the ex-husband treat

all your savings to sell jewelry

yesterday in Gulina home, Zhang Chongyi lying in bed, the pain made him lean out of more than 10 kilograms. But the sun shone through the windows of his skinny body,true religion mens jeans, he has been able to feel the warmth.
from the back to her ex-husband, the Gulina put the nanny quit work, Sangu account considerations also wrote it down. Aoyao day 4 up, 3 times of Chinese medicine,true religion shop, 3 times a small medicine, and countless number of temperature ... ...

5 31, Zhang Chongyi night fever to 38.9 ℃, she rose to the He rubbing alcohol. In order to maintain the treatment, she spent nearly million in savings does not say, but also sell a gold necklace and gold bracelet.
talking about his ex-wife, introvert Zhang Chongyi excited: No photo,true religion store, Gulina in addition to thinking about this, it also wondering can take her ex-husband to go to the set of safety.