生活中有趣的管理学和经济学原理

手表定理在企业经营管理方面给我们一种非常直观的启发，就是对同一个人或同一个组织的管理不能同时采用两种 不同的方法，不能同时设置两个不同的目标。甚至每一个人不能由两个人来同时指挥，否则将使这个企业或这个人 无所适从。手表定理所指的另一层含义在于每个人都不能同时挑选两种不同的价值观，否则,午夜十二点，你的行为将陷于混乱。
手表定理是指一个人有一只表时，可以知道现在是几点钟，而当他同时拥有两只表时却无法确定。两只表并不能告 诉一个人更准确的时间，反而会让看表的人失去对准确时间的信心。你要做的就是选择其中较信赖的一只，尽力校 准它，并以此作为你的标准，听从它的指引行事。记住尼采的话："兄弟，如果你是幸运的，你只需有一种道德而 不要贪多，这样，你过桥更容易些。"如果每个人都"选择你所爱，爱你所选择"，无论成败都可以心安理得。然 而，困扰很多人的是：他们被"两只表"弄得无所，心身交瘁，不知自己该信仰哪一个，还有人在环境、他人的压 力下，违心选择了自己并不喜欢的道路，为此而郁郁终生，即使取得了受人瞩目的成就，也体会不到 成功的快乐。


三、 不值得定律

零和游戏原理之所以广受关注，主要是因为人们发现在社会的方方面面都能发现与“零和游戏”类似的局面，胜利 者的光荣后面往往隐藏着失败者的辛酸和苦涩。从个人到国家，从政治到经济，似乎无不验证了世界正是一个巨大 的“零和游戏”场。这种理论认为，世界是一个封闭的系统，财富、资源、机遇都是有限的，个别人、个别地区和 个别国家财富的增加必然意味着对其他人、其他地区和国家的掠夺，这是一个“邪恶进化论”式的弱肉强食的世界 。但20世纪人类在经历了两次世界大战，经济的高速增长、科技进步、全球化以及日益严重的环境污染之后，“ 零和游戏”观念正逐渐被“双赢”观念所取代。人们开始认识到“利己”不一定要建立在“损人”的基础上。通过 有效合作，皆大欢喜的结局是可能出现的。但从“零和游戏”走向“双赢”，要求各方要有真诚合作的精神和勇气 ，在合作中不要耍小聪明，不要总想占别人的小便宜，要遵守游戏规则，否则“双赢”的局面就不可能出现，最终 吃亏的还是自己。
1、价值观。关于价值观我们已经谈了很多，只有符合我们价值观的事，我们才会满怀热情去做。
2、个性和气质。一个人如果做一份与他的个性气质完全背离的工作，他是很难做好的，如一个好交往的人成了档 案员，或一个害羞者不得不每天和不同的人打交道。
3、现实的处境。同样一份工作，在不同的处境下去做，给我们的感受也是不同的。例如，在一家大公司，如果你 最初做的是打杂跑腿的工作，你很可能认为是不值得的，可是,Men Ralph Lauren Polo Custom，一旦你被提升为领班或部门经理，你就不会这样认为了。
四、彼得原理
这种现象在现实生活中无处不在：一名称职的教授被提升为大学校长后无法胜任；一个优秀的运动员被提升为主管 体育的官员，而无所作为。对一个组织而言，一旦组织中的相当部分人员被推到了其不称职的级别，就会造成组织 的人浮于事，效率低下，导致平庸者出人头地，发展停滞。因此，这就要求改变单纯的“根据贡献决定晋升”的企 业员工晋升机制，不能因某个人在某一个岗位级别上干得很出色，就推断此人一定能够胜任更高一级的职务。要建 立科学、合理的人员选聘机制，客观评价每一位职工的能力和水平，将职工安排到其可以胜任的岗位。不要把岗位 晋升当成对职工的主要奖励方式，应建立更有效的奖励机制，更多地以加薪、休假等方式作为奖励手段。有时将一 名职工晋升到一个其无法很好发挥才能的岗位，不仅不是对职工的奖励，反而使职工无法很好发挥才能，也给企业 带来损失。 对个人而言，虽然我们每个人都期待着不停地升职，但不要将往上爬作为自己的惟一动力。与其在一个无法完全胜 任的岗位勉力支撑、无所适从，还不如找一个自己能游刃有余的岗位好好发挥自己的专长。






五、零和游戏原理




看看我们周围，就可以发现许多马太效应的例子。朋友多的人会借助频繁的交往得到更多的朋友；缺少朋友的人会 一直孤独下去。金钱方面更是如此，即使投资回报率相同，一个比别人投资多10倍的人，收益也多10倍。这是 个赢家通吃的社会，善用马太效应，赢家就是你。对企业经营发展而言，马太效应则告诉我们，要想在某一个领域 保持优势，就必须在此领域迅速做大。当你成为某个领域的领头羊的时候，即使投资回报率相同，你也能更轻易的 获得比弱小的同行更大的收益。而若没有实力迅速在某个领域做大，就要不停地寻找新的发展领域，才能保证获得 较好的回报。

“墨菲原理”所展示的爱情意义
�� １０．你爱上的人，总以为你爱上他是因为：他使你想起你的老情人。
�� １１．你最后硬着头皮寄出的情书；寄达对方的时间有多长，你反悔的时间就有多长。
十四、柠檬市场
一、马太效应

奥卡姆剃刀定律在企业管理中可进一步深化为简单与复杂定律：“把事情变复杂很简单，把事情变简单很复杂”。 这个定律要求，我们在处理事情时，要把握事情的主要实质，把握主流，解决最根本的问题。尤其要顺应自然，不 要把事情人为地复杂化，这样才能把事情处理好。
12世纪，英国奥卡姆的威廉对无休无止的关于“共相”、“本质”之类的争吵感到厌倦，主张唯名论，只承认确 实存在的东西，认为那些空洞无物的普遍性要领都是无用的累赘，应当被无情地“剃除”。他主张，“如无必要， 勿增实体”。这就是常说的“奥卡姆剃刀”。这把剃刀曾使很多人感到威胁，被认为是异端邪说，威廉本人也受到 伤害。然而，这并未损害这把刀的锋利，相反，经过数百年越来越快，并早已超越了原来狭窄的领域而具有广泛的 、丰富的、深刻的意义。
彼得原理是美国学者劳伦斯彼得在对组织中人员晋升的相关现象研究后得出的一个结论：“在各种组织中，由于习 惯于对在某个等级上称职的人员进行晋升提拔，因而雇员总是趋向于晋升到其不称%

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Although the Forbidden City
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