The judge's identity security system began in the United Kingdom. In the 17th century,
代写论文, the famous British mainland Officer Kirk (Coke) to safeguard judicial independence and impartiality,
ei论文发表, do not want to follow the orders of the king,
免费论文, and often in conflict with the king, King James I, after being dismissed. After the investigation Wales I (1625-1649),
课题申报, Charles Wales,
学位论文检测, II (1660-1685),
论文定制, James II (1685-1688) often do not follow the royal family to lift the comments made by the referee judges. [3] in 1688 after the Glorious Revolution, James II was deposed, William (1689-1702) and Mary (1689-1694) has been invited to serve as king,
学术不端文献检测, the judge introduced the British system of identity protection, as long as the good conduct (good behavior) that can continue to serve as a judge,
sci投稿, without having to succumb to the will of the king. In 1701 the British Parliament formally enacted,
毕业论文检测, "Act of Settlement" (Act of Settlement, 1701) which provides that the judge will remain of good behavior, their income is fixed,
ei中国, unless based on legitimate reasons by the parliament bomb Hai. 1760 "George III Act" (Actof i George Ⅲ) weight,
论文写作助理, the judge in the performance of their functions, as long as good behavior,
职称论文发表, which should remain and have full authority. And the king according to Parliament's legitimate reasons to remove a judge from office,
sci 影响因子,
Insurance agency business process problems, thus,
sci论文写作, the British security system has been implemented as a judge. 1876 Britain's "Appeal Jurisdiction Act (Appellate jurisdiction Act) and 1981's" Supreme Court Act (Supreme Court Act 1981) require that a judge of good conduct that should remain, unless Parliament legitimate reasons,
反剽窃软件, only a judge should be removed.
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Although most countries adopted a security system as a judge, but there is still the retirement age limit for judges. Such as the German Law on Judges Article 48 stipulates: "working in the Federal Court of Final Appeal of the tenure of the judges,
论文下载, since the retirement age of 68 years, at least 65 other judges from the age of retirement." Japan's "Court Organization Law" Article 50: "Supreme Court judges retire at the age of 70 years of age,
sci医学期刊, summary court judges in the age of 70 at the age of retirement." Most other civil law countries with retirement age. [6] in the United States,
影响因子 sci, 1937,
ei会议, Congress had developed a retirement law that requires the judge's retirement, which provides that federal judges can retire aged 70 years,
EI检索, while the law states have a large retirement provisions,
代写代发, such as California, the judge Age 70 years old and served more than 10 years,
定制论文, or just over 65 years serving more than 20 years, can retire and receive full pay. It is noteworthy that the United States and continental law countries,
engineering village, the difference is that it did not reach the legal age to have mandatory retirement approaches,
发表论文, but to take voluntary retirement system,
ei期刊, that after reaching the retirement age,
论文免费下载, retired judge to decide whether any person shall not order his retirement,
ei sci, after retirement as senior judge is a judge Senior judge), can still choose to examine the case,
sci杂志, the court can invite their participation in some of the court hearing. Because of the retirement system,
ei收录, so even though most of the foreign law claims that the judge adopted life tenure,
sci投稿指南, tenure is actually only refers to non-law in a certain period of time without being given reasons for dismissal, does not mean that judges must always remain.
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CalLED the judge's identity protection,
论文代写, is a judge for the lifting of worries,
ei village, insulation from external interference in exercising their powers,
代写包发, the law provides that judges, once appointed,
indexed by ei, they are not free to replace,
毕业论文, not to be removed from office, transfer or transfer to another job,
反学术不端, only in accordance with statutory requirements,
博士论文, in order to have the impeachment,
sci论文, dismissal, transfer or make it early retirement. [2] to implement identity security system aims to remove the judge from the threat of such removal and removed,
文献检测, so that it can independently conduct the trial according to law,
EI论文发表, to ensure the impartiality of referees.
The judge's identity protection
In Japan,
EI检索期刊, the Constitution does not expressly require the judge's tenure,
写作论文, but merely requires the Supreme Court after 10 years in office,
论文心连心, to deliver the national review,
sci if, without the majority of the country [5] removal of a referendum,
知网检测, should remain in office. Lower court judges for a term of 10 years, and may be reappointed. In accordance with the general view of Japanese scholars, judges have some degree of tenure,
sci检索, only after the expiry of the term,
sci 会议, its longer term can not refuse without good reason.
British judge as acceptable security system for the United States. 1776 United States' Declaration of Independence "has been announced one of the British colonial atrocities:" He put the tenure of judges, the amount and payment of salary, entirely in the mercy of his own will. " [4] 1787 United States Constitution Article 3 states: "Supreme Court and lower court judges as well-behaved,
论文写作, have continued to serve and should be the period required to get their compensation for services rendered." According to which,
学术不端文献检测系统, generally interpreted as long as judges do not make a "light to heavy penalties and punishment (high crime and misdemeanor)" and impeachment,
ei indexed, should remain in office.
Civil law countries have fully adopted the judge's identity security system as early as 877 years,
学位论文, the famous German Jhering in his famous work "On the purpose of the Act," a book put forward legislation should guarantee the non-invasive post of judge, the judge can not arbitrary dismissal, transfer, pay,
ei收录期刊, and should make appropriate compensation to the judge,
论文检测, but also to enable the judges to fully realize their conscience and against the individual or the intervention of state power. After World War I,
论文发表, the Weimar Republic's law has acknowLEDged the judge is not an ordinary administrative officials,
ei compendex, but "in the trial of civil servants", the position should remain stable. After World War II,
sci论文发表, Xi Faji Act specifically distinguish between judges and civil servants that "judges should exercise their powers independently,
代写, and only obey the law,
职称论文," judges on the implementation of the principle of tenure. If the Basic Law Article 97 stipulates: "the formal appointment of judges,
sci发表, and by the court,
sci论文修改, and statutory grounds,
毕业论文查重, in accordance with legal procedures,
paper, before the expiry of his tenure,
论文网, not against their will,
职称发表, be removed,
论文, permanently or temporarily suspended or transferred or to make their retirement. tenure laws may provide for the retirement age of judges. In case the court or jurisdiction of organization change,
写作助理, so that it was swapping a judge or suspended,
写作指导, but shall give full pay. "According to the Basic Law,
2010 sci, the Law on Judges, France Article 8 further provides that "can be appointed to tenure of judges who are required to obtain the qualification and appointment of judges, at least three years has been engaged in trial work." In addition to Germany in the trial judge and alternate judge other than the period,
sci期刊, in principle,
sci 代写,
Frustration on the education新, for the tenure only reach the statutory retirement age to retire.
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Also be noted that the implementation of the judge as to protect the system, does not mean that the judge in office,
论文代发, must never be removed. In fact,
代发论文, in exceptional circumstances,
论文查重, according to the law,
sci收录, the judge can be removed. German Law on Judges will be removed from office into "of course dismissed" and "should be removed" class. Page 12 of the Act provides: "The judge has one of the following circumstances, of course,
EI检索会议, dismissed: First,
science citation index, the Germans lost the status of ... ... persons; Second, without the permission of the highest organs of the main set in the home or living in foreign countries who ; Third, as are prescribed by law or other public legal persons of public office are; four, was appointed as a career military or the military are periodic. and in accordance with paragraph 2, the same: one of the following circumstances the judge should be removal: First, those who refuse to judge the oath; two appointments for the post of state members of Parliament or State Assembly members, but not limited to the highest authority within the period of fairly elected representatives to give up the status of persons; Third, the judge reached when working retirement age; Fourth, the judge himself to a written request to resign; five has reached retirement age or in poor working relationship between its competent job does not end due to retirement and who. " According to section 78 of Japan's postwar constitution, "the judge, in addition to the decision by the referee, because of disability, are unable to perform his position other than the state, non-formal impeachment, shall not be removed." Judge shows no ability to bear physical and mental barriers to be removed from office is the reason. In the United Kingdom under the "Appeal Jurisdiction Act" and the "Supreme Law" to protect the identity of judges to implement the system, but the 1971 Courts Act (Courts Act 1971) section 17 allows the judge (lord Chancellor) for misconduct (misbehaviour) of the tour Court judges to be removed from office, amateur judges be judges removed from office. However, since 1701's "Act of Settlement" was enacted, only a judge in England (Sir Jonah Barrington) be removed. [7] in the United States, dismissal of judges must go through impeachment proceedings,
Causes of juvenile delinquency in schools, and must confirm that the judge has been a crime. Comparison of Two Schools of experience, we can see, most of the provisions of the civil law system, retirement or removal of command decision system, which provides that a judge because of disability, can not do their duties, according to the Judge President of the Court's own claims, by the court, after hearing some of the procedures and make judgments decide whether to order the judge to retire. Approach adopted by the court but also to prevent interference with the judicial administrative personnel. The Anglo-American law, and no decision on the retirement of a judge. In comparison, the continental law seems to better management. Because the judge as sure as insanity, incompetent job, if they continue to serve as judges, are not beneficial to the state and individuals. In such a situation occur later, as I have not offered early retirement, you should take to force the retirement or removal measures.
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