Eastern Railway Eastern Railway
is Russia to plunder and aggression against China, control of territory in the Far East built a railway. Eastern Railway, 1896-1903 year, Russia building to the center of Harbin, Manchuria west, east Suifenhe, south of Dalian. After the Russo-Japanese War, the southern section (Changchun to Dalian) for the Japanese share, saying the South Manchurian Railway. Later renamed the Republic of China
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Introduction to the Middle East Railway Memorabilia South Manchurian Railway easy to breach the main Soviet Union, Soviet Union, Eastern Railway betrayed the Yalta agreement back then accounted for Eastern Railway Eastern Railway in the East and the Soviet Union resumed negotiations References About the October Revolution,
nike air force 1 high, the northern section of the Chinese and the Soviet Union jointly. Victory of the war, together known as the Chinese Changchun Railway across the board. Dong Qing Railway is built by Russia in the late Qing Dynasty by the Chinese Manchuria from Russia Chita, Harbin, Suifenhe reached Vladivostok, Russia (Vladivostok) and Siberian Railway Eastern Railway in China by the Japanese throughout
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[1] within the paragraph. Harbin, Manchuria to Suifenhe by the Middle East by railway lines, length of over 1480 km; from Harbin to Dalian, Changchun, the Middle East by the rail line, known as the South Manchurian Railway, the total length of over 940 km. Eastern Railway Memorabilia two years of the Qing dynasty (AD 1896), Li Qing government envoy to congratulate Russia for the coronation of the Tsar and Russia signed the Dong Qing railway. August 1898 broke ground on the East Qing Railway to Harbin as the center, points east, west, south three-lane, opposite from the six and began construction. Northern Route (Manchuria to Suifenhe) and the South Manchurian branch (Kuan child to Port Arthur) and other extensions, is about more than 2500 km, using Russian-made 1524 mm gauge, dry feeder is connected, just as the large areas. July 14, 1903, the East Qing railway was opened to traffic. July 1903, Eastern Railway opened to traffic, and began operations. Russo-Japanese War (1904), the Russia to the South Manchurian Railway, Changchun-Dalian section of the transfer to Japan. Since 1920, said before the East China Qing Railway Eastern Railway, referred to as the rail or in the Middle East Road, Changchun, north section of the Chinese and Soviet co-operation. March 1935, the Soviet Union to co-operate in the Soviet Union sold to the Japanese price of Eastern Railway. August 1945, renamed the Chinese Changchun Railway Eastern Railway, the Chinese and Soviet control. December 31, 1952, ending the Sino-Soviet control, the Chinese Eastern Railway to recover completely, owned all of China. From the mid-nineteenth century onwards, in just half a century, Russia has forced the then Chinese government signed the , Ussuri River east of more than one million square kilometers of Chinese territory into the Russian territory. In later years, Russia with its military strength,
nike air force one high, together with the other imperialist countries, to continue its aggression and expansion in China. Sui Wei rich Russia coveted northeast China. Russia in order to enhance the strength of its foreign expansion, and further invasion and occupation of northeast China and the DPRK, and with the coveted two places at that time against Japan, in February 1891 decided to build the Siberian railway. It is regarding the construction of the railway declared In the same year in June, broke ground on the Siberian railway. To 1894, the road has been built to the Baikal region. Planned, east of the railway and along the Heilongjiang River north Shilka twists and turns before the trip, along the Ussuri River to Khabarovsk and then directly to the south east coast of Vladivostok. However, bent on the territory of Russia occupied Northeast China, has been trying to get Trans-Siberian railway line, across the Northeast, reaching Vladivostok. This will not only shorten the distance, and the construction is also easy, but the most important thing is that it can control the northeast of China in their hands. Russia has an excuse when the original lots terrain, weather is cold, ask the Chinese 借地 Russia on Chinese territory for the road. Russia would like to take to build a road in northeast China and plans at both ends of the railway connecting the Siberian railway, is the dream of Russia,
air force one high, premeditated. (1) February 1891, Russia decided to build the Trans-Siberian railway, the thought of a railway station in the future; construction of a territory stretching from the Chinese Eastern Railway
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extension in order to densely populated provinces in Mainland China trade Southern Russia into the Chinese 1800, the direct Gansu, Lanzhou ... ... Made representations to the Qing government, replied that the Russian Embassy in China, Russia, the Siberian Railway Hing made, the future may be made in the northeast of the railway connecting the future Hing, so Instructions to the Qing government and local authorities constraints. Russia would position of vulnerability, and the Qing government to sign the Later, Russia, France set up by Russia Russo-controlled bank, the bank has provided to the Chinese railways, the mines, set up factories, collecting tax and other privileges. Russia Jiede the bank became a tool for road construction; (5) April 18, 1896, Russia formally presented to the Qing government, the Chinese Government in Manchuria Railway Link and the extension to the lease rights to the Russian company, and not let other foreigners to participate. Northeast China coveted ambition of Russia now has been exposed. Russia both hard and soft power grab road northeast of Russia to lease the railway Hing made things heard as early as the Qing government. But it was concerned that this precedent, serious consequences, so later on a At this time the Russian government envoys and then refer to the Qing government entanglement, sly (guǐ), said only Russia, China to meet the requirements, Russia envoys to the Prime Minister also several government offices,
nike air force 1, threatened to refuse to Russia if the requirements of China, China will directly lead to very serious consequences, threats and intimidation. Jiawu a war, the Japanese defeated China, signed the humiliating At that time, the Qing government was argued before the implementation of reform Sino This Qing court also believes that as long as Russia could help China This is the Russian ambassador to Beijing, when Li was a April 20, 1896, Li arrived in St. Petersburg as the Qing He makes, in addition to congratulate the new coronation of Tsar Nicholas II, but also bears and Russia signed a secret alliance's mission. At this time, Russia would like to take to road in the negotiations, also moved from Beijing to St. Petersburg. Russia Government to seize the right road in China, Li and his party in every possible way to draw on and bribery, they proposed talks with the Chinese special envoy program, proposed Beijing's promise of generous friends and allies. During the talks, the Tsar and his Finance Minister Witte two-pronged approach of Li and pressure and lied, saying that Russia made by a railway in northeast China reached Vladivostok, is to , which is beneficial to both Russia and China, but also to Li said that things are available after 3 million rubles Lee's At that time, the Qing court bent alliance with Russia against Japan, and Russia bent hole through the alliance with China to win the right road in China. It is the closely allied with the 借地 buckle together, said China and Russia to an alliance to Russia's roads must be 借地. Li will be in the Witte signed under coercion or inducement mourning lost the right to a when all will be considered relevant to this Treaty should be implemented immediately in this about; (2) the parties agree on common action, and by the consent of the other, not alone marry (gòu) and; (3) Russian warships during the war can be entering any port of China; (4) To facilitate the transit of Russian troops and military supplies, the Chinese government to allow the construction of a through China's Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province of the railway line leading to Vladivostok; (5) usually have access to the railway personnel carriers of Russia and delivery of supplies; (6) the approval of the treaty from Article 4 of the Qing Dynasty from the date of entry into force. From the secret treaty provisions can clearly see the meaning of Russia made an alliance with China is not Japan, but the road to the Chinese 借地. In the same year in September, China and Russia signed the Russia business people (5 million taels of silver stake in the Chinese capital, and Russo-Chinese Bank partnership to run); limited to eight years, after the expiration of their property, all owned by China Railway; from the date of opening of Thirty Six years later, the Chinese government has the right Meanwhile, the contract also provides China with road construction site, Yigai tax, etc., so that the sovereignty of China in the railway lost the lot. Luda in the construction of the right to seize the southern tip of Liaodong Peninsula, Yellow Sea and the vital control, the throat briefly in the Bohai Sea, Four Seasons is a natural port, it is coveted by Russia. For example, back in Russia the Russian Foreign Minister Muravev proposed roads in northeast China when 借地 said: Far Eastern affairs in the firm to implement our will, if necessary, to support the use of force. 10 Sino-Japanese War, according to However, the sixth day after the signing of the treaty, Russia will jointly Germany, France intervened, forcing the Japanese to give up the Liaodong Peninsula. Since then, Russia will accelerate their pace to win LD. May 1896, Tsar Nicholas II talks with Li had made clear a rail line through the Yellow Sea coast of the problem. January 1899, the Russia-controlled Eastern Railway Company to the Qing government made requests to build the South Manchurian Railway's Since then, Russia has also been sent to the Yellow Sea coast of intelligence gathering, preparing for the occupation of travel masterpiece. November 1897, Germany under the guise of Shandong This accounts for Luda's Russia bent is really a golden opportunity. November 23, Minister of Foreign Affairs to memorial tsarist Russia, the proposed occupation of the Russian troops now Luda. December 15, Russia in the Made representations to the Russian imperial, retreat to Russia, it refused to withdraw troops. March 3, 1898, Russia will be officially presented to the Chinese, to follow the precedent of the German loan Jiaozhou Bay, lease LD as a naval base, and threatened that if China does not agree, the Russian navy must log in LD, while it Kabuki repeated, with the large amount of money to buy Li et al. March 27, the Qing government was forced to sign under the pressure of the Czarist Russia of the Treaty provides that: (1) rental LD twenty-five years, (2) designated as the Russian naval port Port Arthur and Dalian Bay designated as a naval port in Hong Kong, more than for the commercial port; (3) allow Russia to build an extension of Eastern Railway South Manchuria Railway from Harbin through Dalian. In the same year in May, China and Russia also signed a Strong rental LD Russia, after it achieved an ice-free hunting in the Pacific coast ambitions to extend it to the invading forces to the south of Northeast China, so that the whole of Manchuria into its sphere of influence. All this has caused serious concern of Japanese imperialism. South Manchurian Railway easy to master the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 the rise in the Northeast, they burst into railway construction in the Middle East region, driven Eren, the demolition of the railway, resulting in railway construction was suspended. In the same year in October, Russia in the Russia sent troops to northeast anxiety among the Japanese imperialists. At that time, the Russo-Japanese competition for spheres of influence in China and Korea, infighting. In the DPRK, Russia instigated pro-Russian forces, pro-Japanese exclusion, shake the Japanese rule in Korea; in China, according to , forcing the Japanese to the mouth piece of the fat and spit it out, but was tsarist Russia occupy their own, Japan has been vengeful mind. Now, Russia has sent troops to the northeast, and there is a tendency to expand outwards, Japan, on its own strength, that this is recaptured from the LD and the Liaodong Peninsula, Russia to expand its sphere of influence of the great opportunity. March 8, 1904, Japan is not a declaration of war, in one fell swoop destroy the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. A northeast China and North Korea to re-divide the imperialist war broke out in the Chinese territory! Results of Russia's defeat by Japan. 9, 1905, both Japan and Russia signed the Japanese and Russian sides also to China's sovereignty and territory to trade, even to Russia's lease on the LD and the South Manchurian Railway (Changchun to Dalian section) the transfer of ownership to Japan. September 26, the Chinese Government has protested this transfer. However, the same year, December 22, the Chinese government was forced to sign under the pressure of Japan, The first paragraph of the treaty, said: 11 Thus, the Japanese put into the Liaodong Peninsula of LD naval base to invade China, and took over the South Manchurian Railway South Manchuria Railway Company was set up. From 1915, Japan proposed to Russia on several occasions, requested the South Manchurian Railway, Changchun-Harbin section of the transfer to Japan, as Japan's compensation for the supply of weapons to Russia, but Russia has not been agreed. The Soviet Union signed, the Soviet Union continue to maintain the rights and interests in the Middle East Railway (a) of the October Revolution October Revolution of the early early Eastern Railway, Eastern Railway was to Russia in the northeast of the entrenched remnants. They use the railway troops, against the new Soviet regime. Armed intervention in foreign countries during the Eastern Railway and by the British, French, Japanese and American imperialism and intervention forces. At this time, the Soviet government, due to internal and external problems, no time to East Gu. March 1920, the Middle East railway workers launched a strike to demand the appointment of Russia's railway Secretary had resigned, the struggle is very sharp intense. In this case, the year in October, the Chinese government ordered the take over the Chinese Eastern Railway, ordering the old Russian Secretary resigned, announced that Russia cut off all ties with the old, and declarations that: the Government has replaced the Chinese Eastern Railway Russian government until the Chinese government Russian government formally recognized each other after the agreed date of the road approach. 12 Although the Chinese government's attitude to the opposition by the imperialist powers, but was welcomed by the Soviet Government for the future relations between the two countries restored diplomatic negotiations and create the conditions for the same time, China is also the first time on the Russian Government declaration to China response. (B) Declaration of the Soviet government and the Sun three times more to fly to China Declaration on the attitude of the railway in the Middle East after the October Revolution, the Soviet Government has issued three declarations to China and Russia announced the abolition of successive governments with the Chinese government entered into any treaty, giving up before the capture of China all the territories, and expressed willingness and China friendly. 13 According to the Declaration and other documents of these three to see if the Soviet Government's attitude on the Chinese Eastern Railway. (1) China and the Declaration in the first (1919? 25), there is no direct reference to the Chinese Eastern Railway question, but blamed 14 (2) Declaration of the Second China (September 27, 1920) explicitly proposed to the Chinese government agreed that special treaty approach. 15 (3) Declaration of the Third China (September 4, 1922) on the Chinese Eastern Railway question, reiterated the Soviet Government's position on this point above the words separate post about. 16 (4) January 26, 1923, Sun issued a joint declaration with the Yue Fei said: I can only maintain the status quo; and agreed to fly with Vietnam, the existing railway management method, only the Chinese and the Soviet Union between the two governments without prejudice to the interests and rights of both parties as the actual data, a temporary restructuring. 17 In summary we can see that from the outset, the Soviet government did not give up Eastern Railway, it returned to China, but rather to its own interests in China and Russia as the legal successor. (C) the Soviet Union signed the May 31, 1924, the Soviet Union through negotiations in Beijing signed a According to these two agreements, Russia inherited the Soviet Union is actually signed in 1896 under the segment is still Japan's share) for the Sino-Soviet joint. Sino-Soviet government statement, the Middle East railways business, municipal, tax, land acres (in addition to outside railway land for personal use) and so shall apply by the Chinese official. 18 of the railway's organization and management, mainly Russia adopted the practice of the times, as chairman of the Chinese people, the railway as the Secretary by the Soviet Union. In addition, the 19 At that time, and later historical conditions, this one does not redeem Road can be achieved. It was surrounded and blocked by imperialism is a victory for the Soviet Union. But soon after, the Soviet Union had violated For example, according to the Russo-Japanese The Soviet Government has in January 1925, signed with Japan in Beijing, Soviet government in accordance with its policies and 1919 and 192 (~ two years of declaration statement, the former Russian Empire entered into between the Government and all third party treaties, agreements other items in any way jeopardize the sovereignty and interests of the Chinese Government who shall be invalid. In July, the railway incident occurred in the Middle East. Later, both the Soviet Union signed the Soviet breach of contract, sell Eastern Railway in 1931, Railway shall not suffer any loss of the Middle East Railway did not immediately withdraw from the Middle East, but it made contingency preparations in secret,
air force one low, to a group of rail vehicles brought into Soviet territory. at the direction of the Soviet side made representations, the car did not meet the purpose and Suifenhe ordered the blockade of Manchuria, and to prohibit freight trains the country. Soviet-Japanese tensions. May 2, 1933, the Soviet Union to ease the conflict with Japan, to come forward by the Foreign Minister Litvinov, proposed to sell the Chinese Eastern Railway practical ways to solve the railway disputes. by interference. to narrow gauge, to meet the needs of its war of aggression to China. the Soviet Union to return to Eastern Railway in February 1945 Yalta agreement, the United States, Britain, Susan Guo Yalta in the Soviet Union leaders for talks on the treatment of post-war Germany and the Soviet Union conditions of war against Japan. At that time, the Soviet Red Army defeated Hitler just around the corner, and Japan in the East did not stop the aggression. the United States to reduce their losses and sacrifices, requiring the Soviet Union immediately after the end of the war against Germany to participate in the war against Japan. the Soviet Union around both the Soviet Union participate in the war against Japan condition problem, for a very secret behind the scenes discussions. in the copies of agreement also failed to disclose that agree to this agreement, however, most of the terms of this agreement is related to China. According to the Yalta Agreement: (1) Dalian International; (2) the Soviet Union as a naval base leased Port Arthur; (3) outside Mongolia's status shall be maintained; (4) Sino-Soviet Eastern Railway jointly, joint management. the Soviet Union with particular emphasis in the Middle East to ensure that the railway on the to Japan, the Soviet Union to Eastern Railway in 1935 and sold in Japan, so after the Japanese surrender of the railway should be returned to China, what it talked about the Chinese government pressure in the two great powers to accept the Yalta agreements Yinzhong: The agreement is binding occurred diplomatic, but the recipient country at the time, dedication to the United States in the promotion of Sino-Soviet relations, and tips, so then there Songyuan Zhang of Fu Su, a conclusion of negotiations with Moscow, the Soviet Union signed a Friendship and Alliance treaties. parties to ask questions to the U.S. officials, they were tight-lipped. only in the Soviet Union to the United States, said accordingly, the United States eager to Chinese sovereignty in exchange for the Soviet Union sent troops to the war as soon as possible, we will pressure the Chinese government fully acceptable to the Yalta agreement, but it declined to Su made concessions beyond the Yalta agreement, which affects its control and monopoly of China's plots. June 9, 1945, the new U.S. President Harry Truman to the content of the Yalta Agreement was told the then Premier TV Soong, the Chinese government, and to
Middle East Rail trains during the
Song immediately go to the Soviet Union to fulfill what the Yalta agreement negotiations with the Soviet Union, signed. Truman stressed: . 261 945 White 年 June 30, the Sino-Soviet talks in Moscow between the two countries. negotiations, China is being affected by the dual pressures from the U.S. and the USSR. August, signed the . ; average are the two sides, either party shall not transfer all or part of; (3) on the railway management, are still using the practice, the Chinese chairman, the Secretary for the Soviets any railway; (4) during the war against Japan, the Soviet Union the right to use the rail transport troops and military supplies crystal; (5 Agreement is valid for three years after the expiration of the Soviet Union will in the long railway, together with all the property of the road, free transfer to the Chinese government. 27 and Soviet Union ( 1) The organization and management problems on the railways: Sudan's railway organization and management approach is still followed in the past: the railroad from the Soviet Union served as Secretary; served as chairman of the Chinese people. China has said the Middle East by Secretary Railway as Soviet, but the South Manchurian Railway should be by the Chinese people as the Secretary. the Soviet Union did not agree. (2) questions about Soviet military forces by rail: China says it is only offensive in the Soviet Union withdraw its troops from the Northeast and Northeast Japanese, it parties Middle East, the military can make use of rail transport and munitions, usually, in Port Arthur, not the Soviet use of the railway. (3) The term of operation on common issues; Soviet Union requires the maintenance of railway and Luda in the Middle East the privileges are valid for 40 to 45 years , and then returned to China, said China can not agree. then the Soviet Union proposed to 30 years. China agreed. 28 East Road, back in the founding of New China, the Sino-Soviet relations between the two countries entered a new historical period, to address the left over from history between the two countries a number of issues, including China's railways has created good conditions. in early 1950, the Soviet leaders held official talks in Moscow to discuss the two countries on important political issues, economic issues and other issues between the two countries, including the Chinese Eastern Railway question. February 14, the two sides negotiated the Soviet Union, signed the Once the transfer immediately after the conclusion of peace treaty with Japan to achieve, but not later than the end of 1952. In before the transfer, joint management of the Soviet Union's status quo of Chinese Changchun Railway. However, the Soviet Union as the representative of the duties of both parties (such as railway Secretary, Director President and other staff), the entry into force of this Agreement to the rotation schedule. Eastern Railway co-management of the road before the transfer of the body. September 15, 1952, the Soviet Union issued a joint proclamation declaring the transfer to the railway work, the establishment of a Sino-Soviet Joint Commission, which shall be December 31, 1952 to the Middle East Railway completed the transfer to China. That is, when the Soviet Union to the Middle East, it will have half of the railway property (the other half is a Chinese) voluntarily handed over to China. In the same year on December 31, Eastern Railway handover ceremony was held in Harbin. from ,
air force 1 high, this is Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union and the Japanese occupation, operating more than fifty years of the full return of the Chinese Eastern Railway, fully owned by all of China; China Railway in the Middle East is completely lost and sovereignty has been restored. --------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------- Reference 1 December 31, 1952 . 2 (SU) Romanov: 5 Ibid, p. 95. 6 He Hanwen: , p. 101. 9 ibid, pages 102-104. 10, a quote from He Hanwen: , p. 321. 17 set of the Sino-Russian border treaties history of aggression against China historical Sino-Soviet relations, More Atlas Resources Volume 1
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