UML (Unified Modeling Language acronym) Unified Modeling Language, is used for software-intensive systems as a visual modeling language. UML for object-oriented description of the product development system, visualization, and documenting a standard language.
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Introduction to Basic Introduction to UML use case diagram background class diagram activity diagram sequence diagram UML state diagram of the contents of the main features of UML UML UML application areas related to the basic profile of knowledge of other unified construction of the same name entries model language (UML) is a non-proprietary third-generation modeling and specification language. UML in the development phase, description, visualization, construction and writing an object-oriented software-intensive products, open systems approach. UML to show a series of best engineering practice, these best practices on a large scale, complex system modeling, especially in the software architecture level has been verified valid. UML in the software development cycle can be run through each stage. Adopted by OMG as an industry standard. Most suitable for UML data modeling, business modeling, object modeling, component modeling. UML as a modeling language that enables developers to focus on building product model and structure, as opposed to what programming languages and algorithms. When the model, the model can be transformed into a UML tool to specify the programming language code. IBM's Rational Rose and MS Visio is the UML tool.
UML
UML Introduction to object-oriented modeling language recognized appeared in the mid 70s. From 1989 to 1994, their number increased from less than ten fifty kinds. Among the many modeling language, the language of the efforts of respected creators of their own products, and continuous improvement in practice. However, OO method users do not understand the advantages and disadvantages of different modeling language differences between each other, making it difficult to choose the right features depending on the application modeling language, so the outbreak of a 90 years, the number of new methods emerged, most notably Booch 1993, OOSE, and OMT-2 and so on.
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Booch object-oriented approach is one of the earliest advocates, he proposed the concept of object-oriented software engineering. In 1991, he was previously working for the Ada extended to the entire object-oriented design. Booch 1993 more suitable for the design and construction. Rumbaugh et al proposed an object-oriented modeling technique (OMT) method, using object-oriented concepts, and introduces a variety of language-independent representation of character. This method is the object model, dynamic model, functional model and use case model, the whole system together to complete the modeling, the definition of concepts and symbols can be used for software development, analysis, design and implementation of the whole process, software developers do not have different stages of development concepts and symbols of the conversion. OMT-2 particularly suitable for analysis and description of data-centric information systems. Jacobson made in 1994 OOSE method, and its greatest feature is for use cases (Use-Case), and in the use cases introduced the concept of the external role. The concept of use cases is important to accurately describe the demand for weapons, but the use cases throughout the entire development process, including system testing and validation. OOSE more suitable to support business engineering and requirements analysis. In addition, Coad / Yourdon method, known as the OOA / OOD, it is the first object-oriented analysis and design methods. The method is simple, easy to learn, object-oriented technology suitable for beginners to use, but because of the method in dealing with capacity limitations, is now rarely used.
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To sum up, first of all, the face of numerous modeling language, the user is no ability to distinguish between the differences between different languages, making it difficult to find a more suitable language features of their application; Second, many modeling language is actually a great deal of diversity; Third, although most of similarity of different modeling language, but still there are some subtle differences, which greatly hampered the communication between users. Therefore, objectively, it is highly necessary to carefully compare the advantages and disadvantages of different modeling language object-oriented technology and concluded on the basis of practice, organization of joint design team, according to application requirements, its essence, to its dregs, seek common ground, unity modeling language. October 1994, Grady Booch and Jim Rumbaugh started working in this job. They first Booch 93 and OMT-2 unified, and in October 1995 released the first public version, called the Unified Method UM 0.8 (Unitied Method). The fall of 1995, OOSE founder Ivar Jacobson joined to this work. By Booch, Rumbaugh and Jacobson joint efforts of three people in June 1996 and October were released two new versions, ie UML 0.9 and UML 0.91, and UM renamed UML (Unified Modeling Language). In 1996, the number of institutions as part of its business strategy to UML has become increasingly apparent. UML developers received positive response from the public, and advocated the establishment of a UML member associations to improve, enhance and promote the definition of the UML. At that time the members of the DEC, HP, I-Logix, Itellicorp, IBM, ICON Computing, MCI Systemhouse, Microsoft,
air force one shoes, Oracle, Rational Software, TI, and Unisys. This body of UML 1.0 (1997 年 1 month) and UML 1.1 (1997 年 11 17) of the definition and release play an important role in promoting.
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UML is a well-defined, easily expressed, powerful and universal modeling language. It dissolved into the field of software engineering of new ideas, new methods and new technologies. Its scope is limited to support for object-oriented analysis and design, requirements analysis supports starting from the whole process of software development. UML object-oriented technology and the development process can be graphical representations, the emergence of a standard modeling language is an important achievement. In the United States,
air force 1 shoes, as of October 1996, UML received industry, technology and application of sector wide support, more than 700 companies that support the use of UML as a modeling language. The end of 1996, UML object-oriented technology has been the envy of almost 85% of the market, a visual modeling language de facto industry standard. November 17, 1997, OMG adopted the UML 1.1-based object-oriented technology as the standard modeling language. UML represents the object-oriented method of software development technology development, have great market prospects, but also of great economic value and defense value. UML is a standard graphical representation, it is not object-oriented analysis and design, it is not a method, it is merely a set of symbols only. As previously mentioned background had, UML was meant to be a unified standard language, allow IT professionals to conduct computer modeling applications. UML is the principal founder Jim Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson and Grady Booch, who initially have their own modeling (OMT, OOSE and Booch), there is competition between them. Eventually, they combine to create an open standard. (Sounds familiar? This phenomenon similar to J2EE, SOAP, and the birth of Linux.) UML as (IBM Rational's UML modeling tools are widely used in J2EE and. NET development.) And, UML symbol set is a language rather than a methodology. This is very important, because different languages and methodology, it can not do any changes in the case of any company to easily adapt the business works. Since UML is not a methodology, it does not need any formal work product (ie, IBM Rational Unified Process? Terms in the definition of But it also offers a variety of types of model description chart (diagram), when a given methodology used in these maps, it allows development of applications easier to understand. UML is far more than the content model description of these plans, but for entry, these plans and the use of this language provides the basic principles behind a good introduction. By the standard UML diagram into your work product, the officers proficient in UML to your project more easily and quickly into the role. The most commonly used UML diagram, including: use case diagram, class diagram, sequence diagram, state diagram, activity diagram, component diagram and deployment plans. Use case diagram
Figure 1: Example use case diagram
use case diagram describes the system as a functional unit. The main purpose of the use case diagram is to help development teams in a visual way to understand the system's functional requirements, including those based on the basic process of the relationship between use cases. Use case diagrams show the general relationship between the organization of use cases - either all of the system use cases, or is the completion of a function (for example, all safety-related use cases) of a set of use cases. To show a use case diagram use cases, draw an oval, and then the name of use case centers on the ellipse or oval below the middle. Use case diagram to draw a character (that a system user), can draw a human figure symbol. Roles and relationships between use cases to describe the use of simple line segments, shown in Figure 1. Figure word (from top to bottom): CD sales system; View band CD sales statistics; band manager; view the Billboard 200 chart reports; records manager; view a specific CD sales statistics; to retrieve the latest Billboard 200 chart reports; Top reporting service use case list is often used to express the system or the system areas of advanced features. Shown in Figure 1, you can easily see that the system provides. This system allows the band the band CD sales managers view reports and statistics reports Billboard 200 chart. It also allows managers view a specific CD album sales statistics report and the CD in the Billboard 200 charts in the report. The figure also tells us that the system will adopt a In addition, use case diagrams, use case that is not listed in the system function has not been completed. For example, it can not be provided to listen to the band manager on the Billboard 200 album of songs in different ways - that is, the system does not refer to a call to In the use case diagram to provide clear, concise description of use cases, project sponsors, or who need to see whether the system can easily provide the necessary functionality. Class diagrams class diagram to represent different entities (people, things and data) related to each other; in other words, it shows the system's static structure
Figure 2: Class diagram of the sample class object
. Class diagram can be used to represent logical categories, the logical class is usually the business people are talking about types of things - rock band, CD, radio; or loans, home mortgages, auto loans and interest rates. Class diagram can also be used to represent the implementation class, the implementation class is programmers who deal with the entity. Implementation class diagram and logical class diagram may show some of the same class. However, the implementation class diagram will not use the same attributes to describe, because it is very likely to have on such things such as Vector and HashMap reference. Class in the class diagram consists of three parts to use to describe a rectangle, as shown in Figure 2. The top section shows the name of the class, the middle section contains the class attributes, the bottom section contains the type of operation (or
Figure 3: A complete class diagram
According to experience, almost every developer knows what the class diagram, but I find that most programmers can not correctly describe the type of relationship. Such as Figure 3 for the class diagram, you should use the parent class with a vertex pointing arrow to draw a line between an inheritance, and the arrow should be a complete triangle. If both classes understand each other, you should use a solid line to represent the association; if only one class to know the relationship, use the open arrow. In Figure 3, also see the inheritance relationship and the two association. CDSalesReport class inherits from the Report class. A CDSalesReport class associated with a CD class, but class does not know the CD any information about the CDSalesReport class. CD class and Band classes understand each other, the two classes to each other can be one or more other classes with associated. Sequence diagrams sequence diagrams show the specific use case (or part of use cases) detailed process. It is almost self-describing, and shows a process called relationship between different objects,
nike air force 1, but also can show in detail the different calls to different objects. Sequence diagram has two dimensions: the vertical dimension occurred at a time in order to display the message / call sequence; horizontal dimension of the message is sent to the object instance. Sequence mapping is very simple. Across the top of the diagram, each box (see Figure 4) that each class instance (object). In the box, type the instance name and class name with a space / colon / space to separate, for example, myReportGenerator: ReportGenerator. If a class instance to another instance of the class to send a message, then draw a class instance with the opening pointing arrow to receive the connection and the message / method name in the connection above. For some particularly important information, you can draw a class instance was launched with the opening pointing arrow in the dotted line, the return value will be marked on the dotted line. For my part, I always like to draw, including the return value of the dotted line, these additional information can make the sequence diagram easier to read.
Figure 4: An example sequence diagram
read sequence diagram is also very simple. Boot sequence from the top left of the Remember: Although the example shown in Figure 4 for each sequence diagram shows the return message is sent the message, but this is only optional. By reading the example in Figure 4 in the sequence diagram, you can understand how to create a CD sales reports (CD Sales Report). Said the driver of which aServlet object class instance. gen to the ReportGenerator aServlet instance of a class titled send a message. The message is marked as generateCDSalesReport, said ReportGenerator object implements this message handler. Further understanding can be found, generateCDSalesReport message label in parentheses includes a cdId, with the message that aServlet pass a parameter named cdId. When an instance receives a generateCDSalesReport gen message, it will then call CDSalesReport class, and returns a aCDReport instance. Examples and then returned aCDReport gen instance call call each message to pass parameters to it. The end of the sequence, gen instance to its caller aServlet return a aCDReport. Please note: the sequence diagram in Figure 4 relative to the typical sequence diagram is too detailed. However, I think it is easy enough to understand, and it shows how to represent nested calls. For the primary developers, sometimes a series resolution to this level of detail is necessary, which helps them understand the relevant content. State diagram state diagram that different states of a class and the class in which the state transition information. Some might argue that each class has state, but not every class should have a state diagram. Only State diagram of the symbol set includes five basic elements: the initial starting point, it uses to draw a solid circle; transitions between states, using the arrow with an open line to draw; state, using rounded rectangle to draw; determine the point it uses to draw hollow circle; and one or more end points, they use an internal circular to contain solid round draw. To draw the state diagram, the first starting point and a point to draw the initial state of the conversion of such segments. State itself can be anywhere in the map drawing, and then simply use the state transition lines to connect them together. State diagram shows the potential that they can express some of the information. For example, loan processing system can be seen from the first state in the Loan Application. When approved by the former (pre-approval) process is complete, according to the results of the process, or to Loan Pre-approved status, or to Loan Rejected state. The judge (which is made during the conversion process) using a judge to represent the point - the transition line between the hollow circle. Through the state diagram shows, if not through the Loan Closing state, not loans from the Loan Pre-Approved Loan in Maintenance state to state. Moreover, all loans will end in Loan Rejected or Loan in Maintenance state. Activity diagram and state diagram symbol set used in the symbol set similar. The same as the state diagram, activity diagram is also connected to the initial activities from a solid round begins. Activities are conducted through a rounded rectangle (activity name contains within it) to represent the. Activities can be converted to other activities connected line segments, or to determine the point of connection, the judge points to determine point of connection to the different activities protected by the conditions. The activities of the end of the process connected to a termination point (the same figure as in the state.) Alternatively, activity can be grouped into lane (swimlane), lane used to indicate the practical implementation of the activities of objects. Figure word (along the direction of the arrow): the band manager; reporting tools; select database search sales data sales; shows sales reports. The activity diagram has two lanes, because there are two objects in control of their activities: band manager and reporting tool. First, the process manager from the band choose to view sales report for his band. And reporting tools to retrieve and display all the bands he manages, and asked him to choose a band. Select a band manager in the band, the reporting tools to retrieve and display the sales report sales information. The activity diagram that shows the report is the final step in the process. The contents of the first UML, UML combines the Booch, OMT, and OOSE methods of the basic concepts, and these basic concepts of object-oriented technology and other basic concepts are mostly the same, therefore, UML is bound to become of these methods and other methods of users willing to consistent with a simple modeling language; Second, UML is not just a simple convergence of the above methods, but on the basis of these methods to solicit opinions, set the house long, after several changes were completed,
nike air force one high, UML extended scope of application of existing methods; third, UML is a standard modeling language, rather than the standard development process. Although the application of UML to systems development process necessarily the background, but because of different organizations and different applications, the need to take a different development process.
UML
as a modeling language, UML is defined to include UML and UML notation semantics of two parts. (1) UML semantic element model based on the precise definition of UML. Element models for all elements in UML syntax and semantics provides a simple, consistent and common definition of notes, so that developers can agree on the semantics, eliminating the best expressions vary the impact. In addition UML metamodel also supports the expansion of the definition. (2) UML notation defined in UML notation symbols, or development tools for the development of graphic symbols and text using the syntax provides a standard for system modeling. These graphical symbols and text are expressed in application-level model, the semantics is an instance of UML metamodel. Standard modeling language UML can be an important part of the following five images (total of 9 graphics) to define: The first is the use case diagram, describe the system functionality from the user point of view, and pointed out that the function of the operator. The second type is a static map (Static diagram), including class diagrams, object diagrams and package diagrams. Class diagram describes the system in which the static structure of classes. Not only defines the class system that links between classes such as correlation, dependence, aggregation, etc., but also the internal structure of the class (class attributes and operations). Class diagram describes a static relationship, the entire life cycle in the system are valid.
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object graph is an instance of class diagram, class diagram using almost exactly the same logo. Their difference is the object diagram shows instances of the class number of objects,
nike air force one low, not the actual class. An object diagram is an instance of class diagram. Because the life cycle of the object exists, so the object graph can only exist in the system a certain time period. Package from the package or class composition, that the relationship between packet and package. Package diagram is used to describe the hierarchical structure of the system. The third category is the behavior diagram (Behavior diagram), describe the system dynamic model and the composition of interactions between objects. State diagram which describes the object of the class of all possible states and state transfer time of the incident conditions. Typically, the state diagram is the class diagram of the supplement. On the utility does not need to draw the state diagram of all classes, only those who are affected by their actions more than state the impact of the external environment and change the class draw the state diagram. The activity diagram describes the use cases to meet the requirements of the activities to be undertaken and the constraint relationship between activities is conducive to identifying parallel activities. The fourth category is an interactive map (Interactive diagram), describe the interactions between objects. One sequence diagram shows the dynamic relationship between objects, which emphasizes the order of messages sent between objects, also shows the interaction between objects; collaboration diagram describes the collaborative relationship between objects, similar to co-map with the sequence diagram, shown between the object Dynamic and cooperative relations. Apart from showing the exchange of information, the cooperation graph also shows the objects and their relationships. If the emphasis on time and sequence, using sequence diagram; if the emphasis on the superior-subordinate relationship, you choose to cooperate diagram. The two plans collectively known as interaction diagrams.
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The fifth type is the realization of Figure (Implementation diagram). Component diagram describes the components of which the physical structure of the code dependencies between various components. A component may be a source code component, a component or an executable binary components. It contains the logic of the class or information about the implementation class. Parts diagram helps analyze and understand the extent of interaction between the components. Define the system configuration diagram of the physical hardware and software architecture. It can display the actual computer and equipment (indicated by the node), and the connections between them, but also shows the type of connection and dependence between the components. Internal nodes, place the executable components and objects to display the node with the corresponding relationship between the executable software unit. From the application point of view, when using object-oriented design system, the first is to describe the demand; followed according to the demand to establish the static model to construct the structure of the system; third step is to describe the behavior of the system. In the first step and second step in which the model is static, including the use case diagram, class diagram (including package), object diagram, component diagram, and five graphical layout plan, is a standard modeling language UML- static modeling mechanism. The third step in the model or can be implemented, or that the timing of implementation status or interactions. It includes the state diagram, activity diagrams, sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams of four graphics, is a standard modeling language UML dynamic modeling mechanism. Therefore, the standard modeling language UML main content modeling mechanism can be summarized as static and dynamic modeling mechanism two categories. The main features of UML standard modeling language UML's main features can be summarized in three points: (1) UML unified the Booch, OMT, and OOSE methods such as the basic concept. (2) UML object-oriented technology also draws on the field strengths of the other schools, including the impact of non-OO methods. UML notation to consider the various methods of graphical representation, to delete a large number of easily confusing, redundant and rarely used symbols, but also added some new symbols. Thus, in UML, object-oriented field of importing a lot of people thought. These ideas are not invented UML developers, but developers of the OO based on the best methods and rich practical experience in computer science from the integrated refining.
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(3) UML in the evolution of the process also put forward some new concepts. Added in the UML standard template (Stereotypes), responsibilities (Responsibilities), extension mechanism (Extensibility mechanisms), threads (Threads), processes (Processes), distributed (Distribution), concurrent (Concurrency),
air force 1 high, model (Patterns), Cooperation (Collaborations), activity diagram (Activity diagram) and other new concepts and a clear area classification type (Type), class (Class) and instances (Instance), refinement (Refinement), interfaces (Interfaces) and component (Components) concepts. So that, UML is a standard modeling language advanced and practical, but has yet to be practical to validate certain concepts, UML is also there must be an evolutionary process. UML UML target application areas are object-oriented way to describe the graph of any type of system, with a very wide application areas. One of the most commonly used is the establishment of a model software system, but it can also be used to describe the non-software systems, such as mechanical systems, business organizations or business process and information systems to handle complex data, with real-time requirements of industrial systems or industrial processes. In short, UML is a general-purpose modeling language, can anyone with a static structure and dynamic behavior of the system modeling.
UML
In addition, UML for system development process from requirements specification to the system described in various stages of completion of the test. In the requirements analysis phase, use cases can be used to capture user requirements. Through use case modeling, describe the role of the system and its external interests of the system (use cases) of the functional requirements. The analysis phase, the main concepts of interest in the problem domain (such as abstract classes and objects, etc.) and mechanisms need to identify these classes and their relationships with each other, and to describe the use of UML class diagrams. For the realization of use cases, collaboration is needed between classes, which can be used to describe the UML dynamic model. In the analysis phase, only the objects of the problem domain (the concept of real-world) model, regardless of the definition of the technical details of software systems (such as processing user interface, database, communication and concurrency issues such as class). These technical details will be introduced at the design stage, so the design phase for the construction phase to provide more detailed specifications. Programming (structure) is an independent stage, its task is to use object-oriented programming language, the class will come from the design stage into actual code. Established in the analysis and design using UML models, should be avoided considering the model into a particular programming language. Because in the early stages, the model is only to understand and analyze the system architecture tools, not too early to consider the coding problem is very simple to the establishment of the correct model. UML model can also serve as the basis for the testing phase. Systems often need to go through unit testing, integration testing, system testing and acceptance testing. Different test groups using different UML diagram as a test based on: Unit testing using class diagrams and class specifications; integration tests using the parts drawings and co-operation plans; system test using the use case diagram to verify the behavior of the system; acceptance testing by the user to test results verify the system meets the needs identified in the analysis phase. In short, the Unified Modeling Language UML for object-oriented techniques to describe any type of system, but also for different stages of system development, from requirements specification describes the system until after the completion of testing and maintenance. Knowledge of UML UML 2.0 defines a total of 13 icons (diagrams). To facilitate understanding, can be categorized into the right side of the structure. Structure (Structure diagrams) to emphasize that the system type modeling: class diagrams (Class Diagram) component diagram (Component diagram) composite structure diagram (Composite structure diagram) deployment diagram (Deployment diagram) object graph (Object diagram) package diagram (Package diagram) acts Figure (Behavior diagrams) stressed that the events triggered by the system model: activity diagram (Activity diagram)
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state machine diagram (State Machine diagram) use case diagrams (Use Case Diagram) interactive map ( Interaction diagrams), belongs to a subset of graphical behavior, emphasizing the data flow model: communication diagram (Communication diagram]] interaction overview diagram (Interaction overview diagram) (UML 2.0) sequence diagram (sequence diagram) (Sequence diagram) time chart (UML Timing Diagram) (UML 2.0) protocol state machine is the state machine sub-variant. It is used to shape the network protocol model.
UML
UML is not limited to UML elements have to be a type of graph type. Generally speaking, the approximate each element appears in the UML diagram of all types. This flexibility is limited in parts of UML 2.0. In order to maintain the tradition of drawing on your UML diagram notation purposes, constraints, or with intent to never do any harm. the other called the same name as entry UML University Univ of Massachusetts University of Massachusetts (USA) UML User Mode Linux. analog switch automatic test systems. term more Atlas Atlas Open Category: computers, software development, software engineering, object-oriented programming to improve my
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