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If the Swedish architectural profession displays classic symptoms of gleichschaltung, it Cheap mbt shoes is natural to inquire who is directing it? The immediate, and, to a certain extent, the superficial, answer is, the administrative organs of the State. It is only to be expected that in so regulated a country as Sweden, architecture would be subject to control. There is a central government office, the Directorate of Building, that, by establishing norms and making recommendations that have the force of law, can influence design. Furthermore, there is direct control in legal compulsion for all designs to be approved by local authorities, not only for town planning, but for pure mbt chapa architectural values as well. That is to say, a building not only has to fulfil official requirements as to placement and general compatibility with the surroundings, but its shape and plan must be approved by a municipal architect, before building permission is buy mbt shoes granted. In this way, experiments are prevented. All architecture in Sweden is approved architecture. The Environmental Mill 277 But this is only a framework of external control. It would be much more satisfactory if architects could be persuaded to design in the way that their ideological superiors require. And this, in fact, is what the Swedes have accomplished. The plans submitted for approval have kept abreast of developments; rejections remain few. It is as if some authority had not only changed specifications, but had induced changes in the minds of architects as well. Once the new architectural ideology had been conceived in the ruling establishment of State and party, it was soon disseminated. Within a short while, the leadership of the Swedish Architectural Association, the governing body of the profession, had passed into radical hands, so that there was administrative compatibility with official direction. More profoundly, indoctrination in the new purpose of architecture, i.e. to change society according mbt shoes sale to ideological guidance, poured out in the professional journals, via the mass media, through official mbt shoes clearance propaganda and, above all, in education. Schools of architecture swung over to the new line within a year or two. The nature of the architectural <a href="http://cms.putianb2b.com/"><strong>网站制作</strong></a> profession rapidly changed. Among the older architects there remained a vestige of aesthetic ambition, the occasional shadow of a building artist. The type of architect qualifying at the end of the 1960s, however, was not an artist, but a sociologist, whose declared aim was, not to produce beautiful buildings, but to change society. Some of this is attributable to the new educational system. School-leavers have shown growing ambitions in social engineering, the category in which Swedish architecture now almost wholly belongs. It is worth noting that while the new attitude is naturally freshest and most undiluted among the architects under thirty, it has also been assimilated by their elders. The Swedes have a commendable propensity for learning from their juniors, and for avoiding the stigma of the reactionary. 278 The New Totalitarian The new and younger architects have played the decisive role in the formation of architectural policy. They have the ability, and they dominate the departments of State that control the planning of Sweden. Ignoring private practice, nearly all of them have gone into public service, because they find greater satisfaction in ‘serving society’ than in working mbt clearance for a private client. They have done so because it gives them greater power. ‘The political climate helps us,’ to quote Mr Jan Stromdahl, an influential younger architect in the Directorate of National Planning. ‘Swedish architecture has been successful in encouraging change because there is a powerful machinery for the centralized control of building. This has forced the pace of development. ‘I am afraid of living in a detached house, because it causes isolation, and restricts contact. I am interested in collective living, and want to see it spread. I am going to experiment, by putting up some new quarters, with extended community centres. Not only meeting halls, libraries and dispensaries, but laundries and children’s play rooms. By removing amenities from the home, and moving them into communal premises, you can force people to live communally. Then I want to see more communal restaurants, so that people eat together. There is nothing as isolating as the family meal, taken together, within four walls. ‘I don’t think it will be necessary to mbt stockists force people to live communally. Once they see the advantages of the new kind of life, they will want to change. It goes without saying that I am against small houses.’ This is a good and succinct enunciation of that other major mbt shoes uk aim of architecture: the promotion of community or the advancement of the collective, and the undermining of the individual. Professor <a href="http://cms.putianb2b.com/"><strong>莆田外贸之家</strong></a> Rexed demonstrates another aspect of this goal by saying that: ‘Environment has to be planned so that the The Environmental Mill 279 family situation can be corrected. Children have to be socialized at an early age, in order to eradicate the social heritage.’ It is an acknowledged aim of Social Democratic ideologists (and others) in Sweden to break up the traditional family, because it fosters individuality and because it perpetuates class distinction and social disability. With aesthetics dismissed, and his aims settled, the Swedish architect, therefore, has only economics and technology to occupy him. Even in these matters, his hands are tied. The requirements with which he is provided are rigorously detailed. Given the human capacity of the structure, its size follows automatically. The volume of air, and the area of floor for each occupant have been scientifically determined; the height of the ceiling follows as a matter of course. These are minima mbt clearance ; in the interests of economy, they are treated as specifications. The number of storeys follows from the size of the building plot discount mbt trainers . The architect, under these conditions, is little more than an interpreter of tables and rules; his work could be done by a computer. Again, this development is noticeable (and lamented) elsewhere, but in Sweden it has gone further and been universally accepted. The Swedish architect finds his last field of discretion in economics. His task has been virtually reduced to that of selecting the cheapest method of production for a given purpose. He, too, has become a cog (usually a willing one) in the social machine, an agent of political forces. Since the 1950s, the Swedish architects have been much in demand. It is not only that they have been required to build, but that they have had to rebuild as well. The centres of the main cities, and especially Stockholm, have been pulled down in a frenzy and swiftly replaced by a new and shiny core. Economically, this was cheap mbt shoes unnecessary. Many of the old buildings, given reasonable maintenance, could have lasted for another half century. Slums, they most definitely were not. 280 The New Totalitarians In Stockholm, the excised quarters were those in which businessmen, small shops, mbt uk tradesmen and newspapers were concentrated; in short, the living heart of a city. Many houses of historical and architectural worth fell to the bulldozer. Neither sentiment nor tradition was allowed to stand in the way. All cities have to be renewed, but the process is usually gradual, so that the inhabitants have time to adjust to change. If one compares Stockholm with the other Scandinavian capitals, its uniqueness becomes apparent. Copenhagen, also expanding and modernized, has carefully preserved its old centre. Helsinki offers an even better standard of comparison. If Copenhagen has a splendid core to preserve with Danish Renaissance and Rococo buildings, the Finnish capital has very little. There, jerry-built acres of singularly little charm wait for merciful extinction. Yet the Finnish town planners are careful not to remove a whole street at once, let alone entire quarters, as the Swedes do. Rather, they replace scattered buildings, so that the renewal of a given urban environment will be spread mbt shoes sale over some years. By so doing, they maintain continuity. People have time to adjust to mbt shoes australia change, and are spared the discomfort of losing their bearings. This consideration is entirely absent in Sweden. It may be that, on the contrary, the intention was to disorient the population. It is, after all, an elementary rule of human manipulation that one of the most effective ways of eroding a man’s resistance is to destroy his time sense. That this may be accomplished by destroying familiar surroundings and replacing them with something entirely new is testified by elder Stockholmers, who confess to a distressing sense of confusion among the bulldozed remnants of their city. It is not the relatively innocuous sense of being topographically lost that follows upon the disappearance of physical landmarks, but a deeper disorientation, concerning both space and time, that touches personal identity and the frontiers of sanity. When The Environmental Mill 281 new tenants move from the country into the freshly thrown up suburbs of Stockholm, one of their first actions is to ask about ancient habitation on the site of their glistening flats. Archaeologists at the Historical Museum in Stockholm deal mbt shoes online with a constant flood of inquiries. The questioners exude relief upon being told that people have lived before on the ground under their floors, and that it is not quite virgin soil: they seem to find their bearings again after a period of mbt shoes review confusion. These people are mostly young, so that it is not the nostalgia of an older generation. Moreover, they are the product of a school system that is anti-historical, and that is concerned exclusively with the future, so that their background does not encourage them to brood over what has gone before. But in their natural habitat <a href="http://blog.139.li/blog.php?do=showone&uid=739&type=blog&itemid=87185 "><strong>shortsville: Nike Air Max shoes for sale with cheap charge and price.</strong></a> they have time beacons on their doorstep; the Swedish landscape is full of prehistoric relics, like burial mounds and stone circles. Having moved, these new city dwellers find themselves physically uprooted and suspended in time, deprived of the signposts to the past in their previous homes. It has not infrequently been the practice of innovators to construct brand new surroundings to symbolize the advent of a new order and insist visually that the past has been abolished. The Swedes are following in a respectable tradition known to many civilizations. The changes in Stockholm are not, as in the case of similar redevelopment in other countries, the result of commercial enterprise and private initiative. They are the product of official planning. mbt discount Most civilized societies have public checks on private building, to prevent excesses, architectural or otherwise. But in Sweden the municipalities (and ultimately the State) establish the pattern of building. It is the public authorities alone who actively create plans, where elsewhere they are very often confined to the passive function of judging them. Initiative is denied the private developer; insofar as he 282 The New Totalitarians is allowed Previous Entry: Great reasons to Start using Skincare Supplements Next Entry: All About Saab Opening Chip