[ Reserved ] burned the Yuanmingyuan tremor and p

[Reserved] burned the Yuanmingyuan: due to tremor and magnificent obsessions


Author: Eric Ling Ma

1860 年 10 月 7 morning, the British and French troops broke into the Summer Palace - Europeans rather to call the Emperor of China's Located in the northwest of Beijing is China's rulers of this garden paradise, collect a large exquisite palaces, pagodas, pavilions, temples, lakes, gardens and trees, including one by the Italian architect built in the 18th century European-style palace - - Western House. In addition, the Summer Palace also holds a curious tribute gift, making it the world was one of the most prominent arts and crafts accumulation.

amount, the Chinese emperor's summer palace this namely the French missionaries Wang Zhicheng (Jean Denis Attiret) in 1749 promulgated a well-known proses aboard the Summer Palace; 1753, the King of Sweden in the summer palace outdoor of Stockholm, the construction of the Costa built a Chinese pagoda, and afterward became the Royal Botanic Gardens where. As Wang Zhicheng said, let the Europeans understand namely the Summer Palace in the end what namely it favor, this is a complicated object, because It is also colossal, also numerous dollars, too elegant, too temporary yet could not withstand. French writer Victor Hugo narrated it, is

1860 年 10 月 7 日 into this paradise of European soldiers, was a magnificent sight completely conquered it. French army main of Bangladesh fighting classes (Montauban), wrote: Arman was a French fighter Luxi wrote: br> Then, destruction began. 48 hours, the Summer Palace became an The soldiers smashed vases and mirrors, cut off skeleton and reel, they broke open the storage to shred the silk and linen mantle with these precious horses; they wrapped queen phoenix gown, pocket full of rubies, sapphires, pearls and crystal. Luxi log and said: hallucinations.

Finally, on October 18, the British administrator, VIII, Earl of Elgin Zhanmusibu Ruth (James Bruce, he is a notorious collector of antique Greek stone VII Earl of Elgin son) ordered, burned the Yuanmingyuan. In the subsequent 2 days, soldiers were assigned to assorted palaces, pagodas and other mansions on bombard. Particularly massive loss of books and packages of the dynasty (referring to the txt source Pavilion - Translator's Note), about ten thousand 5 hundred volume library files, including Chinese history, science and technology, philosophy and masterpiece of the maximum rare and smart paperbacks, in Elgin's launch obliterated out. As many palaces built along the flammable pine, rosin cigarette coiled several days fraught sky in the northern outskirts of Beijing. nobody left, so here it no traces of the palace now, let's go behind to Beijing, magnificent service has been rolled attach. Alexander the Great Library and the Gothic clans crushed Rome compared to the shoulder. French at the period was that, equitable for the Louvre and the French National Library in the meantime devastated. Moreover, this violence is the 2 countries so-called Burned the Yuanmingyuan speaks of hypocrisy and racism of this action the foundation. Between countries in the European civilization, the destruction of such cultural behavior even during the war is unthinkable, but China is clearly not comprised among this moral principle. Chinese human do not forget this lesson, it is still fresh today.

explain

of destruction, then, why do the Europeans? They were how to interpret the behavior of European historians later is how to reckon them? Obviously, this requires quite reasonable explanation - even now there is no reason to restore the European self-image. After all, we can not believe that a person can dry out in a nice motive to such hideous things. Argument must be: Looting is inherent in various ways the destruction of the human desire to reproach, for the bloody logic of war, know next to nothing ofme wage for soldiers to obtain the right expectations. Witnessed such a superb palace, they can not control themselves, which are particularly prone to occur in the ordinary soldiers who. And those officers should be more advisable to different, generally some of his soldiers is not explicit what harm they are ordinary people.

the action of the final burning Yuanmingyuan - Elgin Earl approve full responsibility - a historian, annotated that it is a special reason, because in previous conflicts, the Chinese collared a number of British lawful hostage. The hostages were returned on October 14, specifically, those who were to return living, they were torture, damage, wretched situation. See this position, Elgin decided to give the emperor a course adults. In particular,Cheap Puma Shoes, the hostages a Times journalist, Elgin ambitioned his tough exotic policy line in the British medium on the brain start. Yuanmingyuan leveling operation is thought proper and that it ache the emperor himself, prefer than subjects, and Elgin believe that these foreign hostages seized the palace is the location. In counting in a way, looting of property in array to discourage more battles, to protect life. Are the lives of thousands or even tens of thousands of emperor than a museum of antiques worth more?

but sophistry of the speech is not persuasion. For example, we can question whether there truly so-called Even if we accept that the soldiers are more vulgar hobo, why should the Executive not very educated to stop? After all, the emperor's palace is claustrophobic Taoyuan, it is easy to way restrictions. Elgin adults attempting to be understood as a rational humanist is not feasible, even if we agree that this improper argument: European invaders have the right to punish the Chinese authorities on Chinese soil, they can use some other way, underwent not have such a strong condemnation.

, of way, unless there are additional reasons, reasons not say so, leading to destruction of the Yuanmingyuan. This likelihood is what we need apt explore.

those explained above are not suitably related to a problem, that the excesses of this action. When they just came to this hidden world, deeply shocked the Europeans as well as aphasia. With the first beautiful vase was broken, that also will crash the spell. Suddenly, everything is permitted, they continue to go unbridled, this unbridled agitation in the delirium of madness approached its tip. After they weary, their actions and reactions surprised. This is the illusion of smoking marijuana,Puma Fluxion II! Our question is, how to explain it all.

sublime experience

initial answer from the learn of aesthetic theory was found. After all, Europeans Yuanmingyuan (those buildings and crafts) as goes of art, aesthetic categories to aid them evaluate these things. In their imagination, this emperor's summer palace is the most magnificent examples. Europeans in the 18th century, the magnificent concept of the imagination has a special status, extended to the 19th century is still an important aesthetic classification. Classical authors such as Langji Yunus, modern writers such as Boileau, Joseph Edison and Kant, give us a variety of sublime. For English readers, Edmund Burke is undoubtedly the greatest impact of deep-set.

Burke explained that, similar to the magnificent and beautiful, but completely assorted. Sublime is the spiritual conquest was thing or a sudden feeling, the experience of Spectacular approach misses, and it brought us trembling fear, completely aware of their safety and agreeable. This repercussion often occurs in the event of normal scenes of people. Burke is my favorite example of the tempest at sea Jingtao - Turner later described as a Tiger Balm can also produce the same sublime sense. Man-enough to occasion fear at the peak of it can be spectacular, such as the pyramids of Egypt or Rome's St. Peter's Basilica. In general, the sublime sensibility as hazy, black, secretive, ambitious, deep, ancient, stalwart, tragic, calm, magnificent, from the vast and perpetual.

have surprised by the magnificent sum deserving. Sudden instinct of person reason would wonder failure; suddenly, 'sublime sense of the proliferation of our senses, so that our cognitive processes short, we aphasia and dizziness. Focus on this feeling of people tend to show meekness and concession. Sublime coerce us to submit to it, it's driven by secret forces. So let's magnificent aware of the transcendent,Women Puma Baylee Future Cat, outer to person power, which inhabit the objects in our face, and via the object performing on us.

tremor is caused by so magnificent. Sublime experience, let us out of their own, interrupt our annual lives. We will suddenly intermittent exposure to ethics, sense of entitlement and a sense of responsibility are depressed to a minimum. Sometimes sublime experience with rich fancy, even when utmost as possessed by the Devil; suddenly manic declared to be transcendent,Puma Shoes 2011, we began to hallucinate himself. Of course, this is not prevalent, but also excited, and we want to resist, and want to submit. Sublime experience, like a well-known Victorian middle-class women's rape fantasies - your secluded fear is also your hidden appetite.



common-sense political danger here. Shocked and deranged people have lost their competence to magistrate, resulting in their inability to make rational self-discipline. Thomas Hobbes said in the debate of the 17th century, the country's aim is to By the 18th century, writers such as Earl of Shaftesbury strongly opposed to this policy of repression. Authoritarian state Organized religion, ancient Egyptian religion and Judaism dynasties, until the Catholic Church, all using the same anti-Enlightenment delirium God presentiment to exclude dissent, from the obedient indoctrination.

and this strategy seems to make people more blind faith. Shaftesbury believes that the paucity of received rational discipline, living in authoritarian countries are more inclined to succumb to blind faith. They are the so-called Fanatics are dangerous, lessen, keen on futile and infinite conquest. Shaftesbury clear that fanaticism provoked the English Civil War; Burke then also believes that the fanaticism led to the French Revolution. We might add that it is the competent authority without considering of the subject, in the 20th century genocide and state terrorism foreshadowed.

best to resist the authority of their fanatical servants of malign, is a gentleman by the British and the French people as a cultural mainstay of high society civilization. Constitute a prominent feature of this mores, is the steady stream of social activities, non-stop distraction and, most importantly, it is a continuing social chat, the heading from a purely gossip, until politics and art. By talking together, these essence members of the team studied to laud each other's point of view, but also to discipline their own discretion. As they persist to be asked to consider each other's views, they will not have extreme views. British and French scholastic gentleman in front of the magnificent unwavering tenacity, they kept jeer, misgiving and smart sense of humor. They often surprise against monarchy, periodically startling opposition to religion, but more common is that they have no particular views on what not to anything too seriously - in addition to their superiknow next to nothing ofcial status outside.

and compared them, one was struck by the magnificent people who probably can not be decent to listen to and expression; he or monopolize conversations, both without a word - in either case, this is extremely insolent to all the salon or the club have brought dilemma. Naturally, the fanatics will not be invited to where their chief time in privacy. Members of high society is once afresh observed an authoritarian state strategy: decentralized despotism, isolated their subjects, by solitude to ensure peace.

magnificent gentleman and cultural strength to withstand the most momentous weapon is their common sense (commonsensical). Was the close interaction. Thus, common sense judgments closer to a common sense, or a collective knowledge, you do not accede with its conclusions can be, but agree its existence. Because of its Common sense outlook of China instead of mercilessly part acting in bad faith and idolatry; that Normally expose magnificent masks, like Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale, the emperor's new clothing as a baby exposed.

resist the magnificent East

with this membrane of awareness back to the Summer Palace, we found that the Europeans' reaction is not just polished sense, and certainly a political sense. Or, this aesthetic that is political, politics that is aesthetic. Imperial China (Chinese state) in a two-fold sense, are magnificent, it is to build a clear cause fear. Summer Palace in the construction of this project is an example of this. For the person looking at it from the outside (such as Chinese peasants or foreign travelers), it is a disallowed Gong Wei, Secret Garden; a outcome of inaccessible and magnificent world. Those who were lucky enough to have lent avenue into the room (such as diplomats), is more directly for infection. As understood, they are stunned, hit by a sense of awe, full of curiosity and aphasia. This magnificent experience,Puma Football, more than other factors, agreeable so fascinated Europeans Summer Palace - and afterward destroy its most important reason.

When the Europeans from the 16th century and frequent contact with China, without exception, they entire lamented the nearly unlimited power in the emperor. China's unity and social order and post-Reformation epoch department of Europe and the squabble in sharp compare. China is surely a sense of reverence by the umbrella of the Europeans, then I believe this is why China can effectively reign of truce and reason. King does not try to be governor in decision-making, there was no need to explain their behavior; state society is silent, does not reason with no further public statements. That is, the Chinese emperor in the King of France do not want to do but make asset. Chinese emperors and European monarchs, more than those who may panic and Summer Palace is a magnificent than Versailles better sample. To the 18th century, some Europeans for the first time for China's political system has been reproved, we fully assume, these criticisms comesintoseffect - that is increasingly self-confident member of the European upper class. For sample, for Montesquieu, the problem of China's authoritarian despotism problem with France is exactly the same. Complex rituals needed humility to comply, to produce a flat effortless to lead or mislead the public, such a political system that is secondhand to represent the term From this point, the magnificent oriental despotism is altered into the elementary principles governing the country. It became a mirror of Europe Kam, has convert a European system to appraise their negate examples. More like Europe, China, and it caught the greater the likelihood of distress. 1793 mission to China, Macartney Embassy vividly depicts the conflict of civilizations. George? Macartney was a ambassador, gentleman, often in a variety of popular unions in London talking about. As a ambassador he is of the king's domestics, but as a land-owning members of the nobility, he constitutes the backbone of British society, the social class 1. He is an independent person, constantly train their own minds. No prodigy Macartney and the conflict between the Chinese tribunal etiquette! According to the harassment of Chinese etiquette, close to the regal kingdom the only access to kowtow, bending nine thanks to three to show awe and submission. Naturally Macartney refused to comply with this ritual. If he bowed, and then said he belonged to the chief of the Chinese emperor, and he disdained himself also quite contained in his ceremonies. Finally, he is just 1 knee - more like a king while his crowd etiquette. Macartney very magnificent formal resistance to the East,Women Puma Repli Cat, maybe it is his mission most significant acquisitions.

to the 19th century, more general reproof of China, has the image of oriental despotism over the ideas of intellectuals in Europe. They base that, to discourage not merely undermine the rule of the Chinese people's liberty, but too led to the despotism of economic and social stagnation. In the mid-19th century Europe, the Industrial Revolution in full swing, it indicates that the infinite progress, and bring Europeans a fashionable sense of superiority. Jumped into a European economic prosperity, unprecedented control of ecology developed world; of hope and individualism, liberalism and democracy are closely correlated. No nation is more emphatic than in the United Kingdom, Adam Smith's market-style self-organization - the so-called intermediary beneath the conditions built. Logic of the mall tin be secret among those who partake in the mall, while the sublime is categorically not.

in all these places, the Chinese are backward. Looking nigh their world, the Europeans see the changes everywhere; look at China, they only see the John? Stuart? Mill that China has no freedom and no individual, so there can be no progress. Here Muller on to the Chinese people are used to determine the compliance of others, identity and originality can not play. Chinese people's mind on the woman's feet as they are The country's biggest hope is that the Europeans through colonization, commerce and mosques, they destroyed the antique social framework, and in agreement with the principles of reconstruction in Europe.

many harbor the idea is for Europeans in 1860 returned to the Summer Palace. Elgin adults Meng and his colleagues fight the French classes count as upper-class gentleman with, so they know where China's problems. Elgin is not a monster, on the inverse, in addition to the imperialists barely phone him, he still is a lavish, brightly lit affair of the people. He was ordered to China, not to destroy or rule, but to make the country open its doors for mutually gainful trade. But it is the personality for liberals that he understood China's problem is where. Chinese emperor for himself and his country's character on the world, have such a erroneous concept, something that makes him difficult to accept. What is more, the emperor could be so insulting of the British Empire and its subjects. Elgin wants the lessons of the Chinese emperor, the following points: that stately awe of the fact behind the blank symbol; show spectacular, but is an illusion; expose the ########## emperor of the pith. Fire Summer Palace push to the extravaganza of these points is no doubt.

day, everybody seems to have been crazy. One can not remain calm about the situation in the destruction of a miracle. Magnificent, nevertheless you do not believe her, but still has a very ecstasy of power, certainly better than ordinary soldiers more vulnerable to their commander, the temptation of this sorcery. They are fewer influenced by common sense, easier to be a sense of awe shock and awe. Finally, the Europeans they have been hit by the variety of forces to destroy arrested; they order from being destroyed by manic and alarmed; only behave like barbarians, they can effectively spread the gospel of civilization. When this finish, they come back to itself; all anything was natural, the Summer Palace are turned into scorched world. Their idea has finally been confirmed - the ghost of ghosts in the eviction - but they are shocked by his behavior surprised. In that sublime moment of destruction, they themselves are in a magnificent spell.

fire 150 annuals behind the Summer Palace, the victory of common sense has been extended. Today, we live in a world, is a pragmatic, scientific, and economic rationalism completely rule the world of human life. Superstition and all are exposed to nude emperor wide sunshine; However, it was the victory of this fact only shows the conflict between it and the sublime has become more keen. Sublime was vanquished, but she did not run. Light candles in clear, clear meaning Long term, the still slanting swinging in the forest, the ship hit the Tao at sea. We do know this, because we often nightmare or nightmare meet with her. In all things because the rational, can only become a real touch of the times, we need to sublime, our reason and from this human reality to save it.