Kepler

Kepler
Kepler (1571-1630) famous German astrophysicist, proposed the famous three laws of planetary motion. Chinese name: Kepler's Foreign Name: Johannes Kepler Nationality: Germany Nationality: German Birthplace: Germany Wilder Star Special Town Date of Birth: 1571.12.27 Death Date: 1630.11.15 Occupation: graduate astrophysics Institution: University of Tübingen Faith: Science major achievements: Kepler's laws of representative works: Unfortunately, the early life of scientific research Kepler Kepler's optical and astronomical achievements of reform and become a hero of

About the founder of the laws of planetary motion Johannes Kepler was born in Germany in 1571 AD The Wild Star special town, just a Copernicus published In this great work of Copernicus proposed a planet around the Earth around the Sun rather than the operation of the doctrine. Kepler studied at Tubingen University, 1588 bachelor's degree, master's degree after three years. At that time most scientists refused to accept the Copernican heliocentric. At the University of Tubingen, he made to hear heliocentric theory of the logical exposition of this theory was soon convinced. totally wrong theory proposed, but reveal very clearly from his mathematical skills and thoughtful of thought, so the great astronomer Tycho Brahe invited him to Prague, near the Observatory to be your own assistant. Cape Le accepted the invitation, in January 1600 joined the ranks of Thai repair. Tycho died the following year. Kepler in the past few months give the impression that a very good impression, and soon the appointment of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf He replaced the royal mathematician Tycho. Kepler had assumed that position in the rest of his life. As the successor Tycho Brahe, Kepler Tycho carefully studied for many years on the planet have done a lot of careful observation records. before the invention of the telescope Tycho is the last great astronomer, the world has ever seen the most careful and most accurate observer, so his record is of great value. Kepler considered the record by Tycho a careful mathematical analysis can determine which theory is correct planetary motion: the Copernican heliocentric, geocentric old Ptolemy, Tycho may I propose a third theory. But after years of painstaking mathematical calculations, Kepler Tycho's observations and found that the three theories do not meet, his hopes were dashed. finally recognized the existence of Kepler's problem: he and Tycho, Lage Ci astronomer Copernicus, and, like all of the classic , it is assumed circular planetary orbit is circular composition or compound. But in fact planetary orbits are not circular but elliptical. 1600, Kepler published the the human and the moon to meet people. The book talked about a lot of incredible things, like jet propulsion, zero gravity, inertia track, the universe clothing, etc., people still do not understand, nearly 400 years ago, Kepler, he is According to imagine what the outcome of these high-tech. Although Kepler's book is pure fantasy, but it must have some background sources, such as the words of Pythagoras or ancient Greek mythology. to find a basic solution in the post- , Kepler still have to spend a few months to carry out complex and lengthy calculations to prove his theory consistent with the observations of Tycho. published in 1609 his great book, The first two laws of planetary motion. the first law of planetary motion that each planet in an elliptical orbit around the sun, the sun in an elliptical orbit of this focus. the second law of planetary motion that the planets from the sun more the faster you run past the planet in this way the speed of change: the connection between planets and the sun and other times in the same area swept. years later, Kepler published his third law of planetary motion: planets farther from the sun, the longer the period of its operation; running period of the square and the sun is proportional to the cube of the distance between. Kepler's laws of planetary motion around the sun made a nearly complete, correct, the solution of astronomy a basic problem. The answer was that even as Copernicus, Galileo, puzzled by such a genius. was not able to explain Kepler's laws of their reasons in orbit, to the late 17th century was clearly stated by Isaac Newton. Keplerian nature of this movement, we can see that the law of gravity has taken shape. Kepler proof of the gravity have proved that: If the trajectory of the planet is round, is consistent with the law of gravity. and if the orbit is elliptical, Kepler did not prove out. Newton was a very complicated method of calculus and geometry permits out. Newton once said: because I was standing on the shoulders of giants. impressed. He innovative spirit. he faces enormous mathematical difficulties. mathematics was far less developed today, no computer to reduce the computational burden Kepler. from Kepler to the importance of the results achieved look surprising at first that he almost ignored the results, so that even came close to being a great scientist Galileo ignored (Galileo, Kepler's law of negligence in particular surprising as the men correspondence between, and the results of Kepler Galileo refuted Ptolemy's theory would help). If other people can not appreciate the delay results of the significance of Kepler, he will understand that I . His great joy in an irrepressible, wrote: It is not my contemporaries will be read by my children and grandchildren will read ─ ─ It does not matter what. It may need to wait a full one hundred years will have a reader, as God has waited 6000 years before a person understand his work. On the other hand as long as Newton's laws of motion, but also from Kepler's law of gravitation Newton deduced accurately. but it requires more advanced mathematical techniques, and in Kepler's era were not so technical, that is, backward technology case, Kepler could determine its keen insight into planetary motion under the control of gravity from the sun. Kepler's laws of planetary motion in addition to the invention, but also to astronomy made many small contributions. He also made important contributions to optics. Unfortunately, his later years as a private matter and feel sad. when Germany began to fall into the One problem is salaried. Holy Roman Emperor even in more prosperous times are unhappy to pay salaries. In war time, Kepler's salary was dragged, lack of timely payments. Kepler Results twice married, had twelve children, this is indeed a very serious economic difficulties. Another problem is that in 1620 his mother was arrested as a wizard. Kepler spent a lot of time trying to make the mother does not subject to be released under torture,D&G men slip, he finally reached the goal. Kepler in 1630 death of Regensburg in Bavaria. In the has proved that he is a law of planetary motion is more than any stone monument forever long queue. academic experience to find the target set for the Copernican system, Galileo's telescope to provide convincing arguments, but after all indirect, only qualitative significance. because people system, we must explore the planet's for the simple uniform circular motion. Therefore, to explain the existence of smaller planets in the non-uniformity, still retains part of the current round of Ptolemy and eccentric designs. Copernicus's heliocentric theory of the universe is undoubtedly correct But his system is flawed, and soon was overthrown. actually the cause of the power of Copernicus, opened the mystery of planetary motion is immortal German astronomer John Kepler. Kepler was born in Germany Walter southern city. his life back and forth, the struggle in religious (Catholic and Protestant) situations through the. Kepler was originally a Protestant, after graduating from school into the Protestant Theological Seminary - University of Tubingen to study the meant to be a theologian, but then Quedui interest in mathematics and astronomy, and loving place. Tubingen 米海尔麦斯 professor of astronomy at the University of Sterling (1550 to 1631) was agreed with the Copernican theory. He openly Ptolemy taught in the teaching system, students secretly Quedui closest to promote the Copernican system. Kepler is Max Sterling appreciated by one of the students, the teacher, where he received after the Copernican theory to become the new doctrine of enthusiastic supporters. He called Copernicus a talented free thinkers, to be very high heliocentric system of evaluation. Kepler eloquence, like all the rally about it. School was caused by Governing Body - the Church of vigilance, that Kepler was a College Heights served as lecturer in mathematics and astronomy, astrology, and the preparation of the then popular almanac. Astrology is a pseudo-science, Kepler did not believe it. he does not believe that the stars of heaven and earth to run and the fate of mankind will live the good and bad fortune What is coherent! He has engaged in this work self-mockery: effect, the total number to find the regularity in nature (early Greek scholars as Harmony). laws of the more simple the better from a mathematical point of view, which in his view, the more close to nature. Copernican theory of why he believes in precisely because the mathematical heliocentric system seemed simpler and more harmonious. He said: A design an interesting book, by the many rules of the geometry model of the universe formed. Kepler tried to explain why the number of planets is exactly six, and observed with a mathematical description of the various relationships between the size of planetary orbits. He found that just six planets orbit the rules with the five regular polyhedra are linked. these different geometry, a set of one, each according to some principles of the sacred and profound to determine the size of a track. If the orbit of Saturn In a regular hexahedron external sphere, the orbit of Jupiter will be in the regular hexahedral inscribed ball; determine the orbit of Jupiter's ball then a regular tetrahedron,Vibram five fingers ksoTrek, the orbit of Mars will be in the regular tetrahedron inscribed ball; Mars orbit located within the ball and then pick a dodecahedron, can determine the Earth's orbit ... ... do the same alternating internal (or endo) of the steps to determine the Earth's orbit ball after another icosahedron, the icosahedron of the Venus orbits decision to cut the size of the ball; in the orbit of Venus where the ball then a regular octahedron, falls on the orbit of Mercury is octahedron inscribed ball. Kepler also follow from Aristotle, Ptolemy until the Colombian Nigeria has the inherent ideas of white, not out of the confines of a circular orbit. This design was approved by the radius of each ball ratio and the size of the various planetary orbits coincide with the known values. There is a regular polyhedron is symmetrical body with the same plane. polyhedron with a symmetry plane that can only make five, so Kepler sure only six planets of the solar system. This get extreme joy is beyond words to express. I'm not afraid of any trouble, I tirelessly, night and day are calculated, until I can see if my hypothesis consistent with the orbit of Copernicus, or whether my joy to be dashed. But after some years of Tycho's observations Kepler data, develop planets form, they are useless. Kepler to abandon it. 1598 outbreak of religious conflict in Austria. Catholics with cruel punishment to intimidate open Pul. He was forced to leave Austria, fled to Hungary concealed. Soon, he received the king's court in 布拉格路德福 Tycho to serve on the invitation, to help organize observational data and the preparation of star tables. Kepler is pleased to accepted regarding family members came to Prague in 1600, he served as Tycho's assistant. The irony is that the two scholars, one is always an opponent of the Copernican system, the other is the wholehearted supporter of the system. But After all, they match together, and the history of astronomy dramatically as shining example of cooperation! This is the happiest time of Kepler, his life no longer worry about and concentrate on research in astronomy. But, unfortunately, they did not take long to get along , the first valley to facilitate the second year (1601) died. Kepler was a very heavy blow. This is called Kepler left. He who had been repeatedly warned Kepler: we must respect the observed facts! Kepler succeeded Tycho's work, the task is to produce a record with thousands of Tycho coordination of data planets form. Although he received the think of the amazing role of Kepler's work has become so serious. he found himself the proud masterpiece - Kepler's cosmological model, in Tycho's observational data analysis, formulation of planets table useless, had to it is discarded. whether the Copernican system, Tycho Ptolemy system or systems, no one can accurately observed with the first valley in line. This made him determined to identify the reasons for inconsistent theories and observations, to reveal planetary motion mystery. To this end, Kepler decided to object space as a physical space to study, with observations to explore the planet's planets (including Earth) movement of the How do people from the planet's dazzling visual line launched their to know that the problem difficult. would help if the planet is made simple uniform circular motion, from Earth, is still relatively easy to perceive how this movement that is; but the actual situation is much more complicated than this, but the earth itself as way around the sun is an unknown sport. This makes the problem infinitely more complex and difficult. Kepler with a wonderful way to sort out this mess of a complete phenomenon clear things out. He, like with the Copernicus , a keen insight that does not rule out the planetary existence. If only the sun and stars in the sky and no other planets exist, then the earth to find the anniversary, as the line, the other for nothing can come from the experience determined. Although it can also help us determine the way the Earth around the sun, for example, the diameter of the Earth (the Sun-Earth Connection) is a star in a relatively static plane (the ecliptic side) of the movement, the angular velocity of this movement in the year, regular change in the present ... .... However, the light that these were of little use, the key is to determine the distance between the Earth with the sun how changes in one year of? only when people understand the changes, the order to determine the true shape of Earth's orbit and its operation mode. In fact, the method is used Kepler general triangulation method. In geodetic work, often determine who As a natural barrier and can not directly reach the target distance. assumed to be measured C A to the distance to the other side of the tower, because A, C river separated the two was unable to measure directly the length of the distance. To solve this difficulty An observer of this bank of the river can choose another point B, AB distance is a direct measure of. this after a selected, known to the length of the line AB, with surveying terms, called . baselines established, in which both ends were measured with a goniometer A, B the size of horns. Thus, in the triangle ABC, the known corners of the clip size and their edges (baseline) long, triangular other corner and edge to be calculated. Applications can be obtained by this simple method can not achieve the target distance. In fact, astronomers have also used this method to determine the object distance. but astronomers say the problem is more more difficult, because astronomers have to layout a like in the above example A, the earth is the tower across the river C. In order to layout the central object, but no longer can not find the second such , and always hanging in there, so that the observer on the Earth can be any date in the year to see it; and the assumption that the light from the sun than Earth even farther. If you have these conditions, it becomes what we need the first one fixed. The sun and light laid the connection is what we want right in the sun (S) and light (M) of the connection. At this time, light from the earth point of view, our view would be the same EM SM (Sun ~ light) overlap,asics mid runner red sole, we can put the latter's position in the sky ( It points to a star) recorded. later, in another moment, the Earth runs into orbit to another location on the E ', then it is the position with the sun and the lamp form a triangle SE'M. in this triangle , SM edge is pre-selected observations of stars can be determined. With these known conditions, we can see that the triangle SE'M in SE We observed S e and the angle of the triangle can be made to SE'M. We can often do so in a year, each time the Earth will be in the paper E 'for different positions SM piece of the baseline, and to Note on the date they are one by one, and then connected into a curve of these points ... .... Thus, we empirically determine the Earth's orbit. Although its size or relative, but it is the light it? planetary systems in addition to that central body - the sun, all can see, the object is not static, their movements are unknown in detail. Kepler not bother to find the light light. it is on Mars, a heavenly is there such a moment, that the sun, Earth and Mars in the same line, and every other certain moments, SM always showed the same baseline; the Earth? In these moments, it will reach its different locations. At this time, on the same time observing the Sun and Mars, Earth orbit determination to become a Kepler means; Mars time to play the role envisaged by the lamp. out. Upon determination of the orbit of the Earth, the Earth and to the diameter (SE) at any time change the physical location and distance, has become known conditions. In turn, the diameter of the earth as a baseline, the other from the observational data inquire planetary orbits and the movement is no longer on the Kepler is too difficult to do it! 8 points the error to change the whole astronomy planets orbit calculated from the experience, the next step is to figure out what the problem is to follow what mathematics of planetary motion Law? At first glance, the first problem is resolved, to figure out the second question is easy to do. But you'll see, from the empirical data in the launch of the first law of motion to solve the problem than the much more difficult. first need to understand the planetary orbits Kepler delineate the curve of the geometric characteristics? To this end, he must first make some assumptions, then think about a lot of numbers up to try and see if it can be with the first valley data fit. If not, find another to explore the hypothesis that, until the line until the observed facts. Kepler's eyes fixed on the first Mars. This is because the data in the Tycho observations of Mars occupies most of the length. exactly, is this with the Copernican theory of planets out of the running maximum. Kepler to the traditional eccentric orbit of Mars to explore. He made a lot of attempts, each time the difficult calculations. in about 70 times the test carried out after Kepler regarded as quite consistent with the facts to find a solution. that he was dismayed when he exceeded the scope of the data used to test, he also found that Google's other data with the first match. Mars or not listen to him at the mercy of ... .... Kepler humor wrote: But I suddenly felt unsure of victory ... ... the stars in this sly guy, I'll give it unexpectedly snapped wearing the shackles with square Chenglian Cheng, from the catalog in the rush out of the cage and fled to freedom The space went. ? or a cold winter night to Tycho's fingers frozen, so that observation errors out? not! Kepler Tycho observations have full confidence in the hard and precision, even this small value is not Tycho mistake. He said: Once we know this is wrong on the use of the hypothesis, it should make every effort to discover the true laws of celestial motion, which is not allowed to ignore the 8 points, and it makes me onto the path of reforming the whole of astronomy. had hopes of uniform circular motion of prejudice and try to use other geometric curves observed that the movement of Mars. Kepler that the focus of planetary motion the center of gravity should be applied objects - the sun's center. From point of departure, he concluded that Mars linear speed is changing, and this change should be the distance of the Sun: When Mars is close to the sun when in orbit, the fastest; away from the sun, the speed of the slowest. He also said that Mars is the fastest on the track with the two slowest, and its path around the sun to the day of the sweep in the area are equal. He then these two points outside the area of ​​equality of all vertebral wide to track the point. This will come with time proportional to the area of ​​the law. Subsequently, the orbit of Mars, Kepler see something like oval (Fortunately, he was first selected Mars and the eccentricity of the orbit of Mars in the planet is quite large compared to), maximum and minimum speed in the connection direction of the diameter of the two seems to stretch longer. Thus, finally made him realize that in the elliptical orbit of Mars is moving on. elliptical geometry is that people are more familiar with graphics. We can learn from the carpenter to its mechanical painting: in the first set two points on the board, graphics, nails, and no flexibility to take a fixed-length line, fixed at both ends of the nails it on the inside cover with a pencil, and then the line taut, and slowly move the pencil, so that the curve drawn is an ellipse. The painting tells us that any point on the ellipse to two fixed distances and remain change. It is the mathematical definition is: if the plane fixed point to point distance of two and is a constant, fixed point is called the oval track. Two point called the focus of the ellipse, the distance between the focus is called the focal length. Ellipse changes eccentricity e can be used to the situation said. ellipse eccentricity is its diameter and its focal length ratio, e is usually represented by the following formula. c e = (c is the semi-focal length, a is the semi-major axis) a ∵ c asics gel stratus black yellow silver shoes for sale, the speed of planets with the location of their orbits, distant planets have longer operating cycle.'s second law also shows that , even in the same orbit, planetary distance from the sun because of speed change. along the path, convinced that planetary motion Kepler orbital period and size between them should be relationship. Kepler is how to find this relationship? He faced just some observations, now behind them to find hidden laws of nature, which requires the astronomer with a high degree of perseverance and amazing patience. Kepler and Copernicus, like planets and the sun does not know the actual distance between the only know their relative distance from the sun. He compared the Earth as a standard: the day to an average distance (astronomical units) for the distance units; to the earth around the sun movement cycle (one year) for the unit of time. the period of revolution of each planet (T) and their average distance of the Sun (R) are arranged in a table to explore the relationship between them what the number. Planet Name orbital period (T) Sun distance (R) Mercury 0.241 0.387 Venus 0.615 0.723 Earth 1.000 1.000 Mars 1.881 1.524 Jupiter 11.862 5.203 Saturn 29.457 9.539 From this table we can see, on Mercury, the orbital period is 0.241, the distance is 0.387 astronomical units; while Venus, the years were 0.615 and 0.723 astronomical units ... ... and so forth. so a bunch of numbers that reflect what a mess it regularly? like to do a numbers game, as the table of the Kepler breakdown for a variety of repetitious operations: put them to each other multiply, divide, add, subtract; again they Zicheng; time, but find their root ... .... Thus, few people understand and support difficult circumstances, he doggedly worked hard over 9 years. After numerous failures, he finally found a wonderful law. he added to the original two columns of the table number: 23 Name of the planet orbital period (T) Sun distance (R) cycle square (T) from the Cube (R) Mercury 0.241 Venus 0.615 0.723 0.387 0.058 0.058 0.378 0.378 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 to sing Mars Jupiter 11.862 1.881 1.524 3.54 3.54 29.457 9.539 5.203 140.7 140.85 867.7 867.98 Saturn from this table behind the two figures, we can see that this wonderful law: the square of the planet orbital period and it is proportional to the cube of the distance with the sun. ie: T2 (T squared) = R3 (R cube) This is the planetary motion third law (also called periodic law). It can be seen from the planets with the sun, according to the planet's sidereal period of revolution is calculated, that is: R2 (R squared) = T2 (T squared) Upon guess the riddle broken, it seems very simple. but opened the mystery before it runs out really hard work is called Kepler. This is wonderful, Zijin's wrote: I was for this and the cooperation with the first valley ... ... and now I finally reveal the truth of it. Recognizing this truth, which is beyond my best expectations. Gaocheng event, the book has been written, some people may read it contemporary, or it may later have people read, and may even have to wait a century reader, as God has waited six thousand years have believed in, like. This I have no control of. logarithm (see table below lists the number of the right two columns) were compared: the name of the planet cycle (T) from (R) lgT lgR Mercury, Venus 0.615 0.241 0.387 0.723 0.21 0.62 0.41 0.14 1.000 1.000 0 0 to Mars, Star 188.1 1.524 0.27 Jupiter 0.18 Saturn 0.72 1.07 11.862 5.203 29.457 9.539 1.47 0.98 it did not need great wisdom Kepler, anyone can immediately see: lgT: lgR = 3:2 This is a very important natural law. not only the planets follow It, together with the planet's satellites and other celestial bodies around the sun was no exception. which can be determined, the sun and all objects around it is no accident, no order of the . to the sky to commemorate the Kepler legislation the outstanding achievements in astronomy, the three laws of planetary motion, was called all the mystery. It became the world's sky enough attention. They devoted all his life fighting for the Copernican theory, they are friends, when correspondence, however, this decisive for the progress of Kepler, Galileo, his life and writings actually did not leave any marks. This is a strange history of science! Kepler's law in astronomy has great significance: first, Kepler's law of scientific thinking very brave to show the creative spirit. heliocentric far Copernicus advanced the theory