Understanding of the Bill of Quantities > GB50500-2003, in July 2003 be implemented. The implementation of this specification is China Engineering Cost Estimation of the socialist market economy is a major reform, but also the valuation work of project cost to the progressive realization of the a solid step forward.
implementation of the Bill of Quantities, for the construction field in China has a very important and far-reaching significance. (1) the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, is the product of deepening the reform project cost; (2) implementation of the Bill of Quantities meet the needs of socialist market economy, can be a good market order; (3) the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, to promote the building of an orderly market competition and healthy development of enterprises; (4) the implementation of the Bill of Quantities, is conducive to China project cost management change of government functions, the real play ability to help improve the management of project construction.
the Bill of Quantities, is in the construction process, the tender or entrust the preparation of a qualified intermediary quantities, and as part of the tender documents available to bidders, the bidders based on quantities the self-quotation, the assessment of a reasonable low bid pricing. project bidding by the Bill of Quantities is a more common practice internationally. BOQ is part of the performance of the proposed sub-project engineering projects, measures project Other project name and the corresponding inventory of the number. is in accordance with the requirements of the tender and construction drawings will be all the items in the proposed tendering and content engineering calculation based on uniform rules and uniform rules for project preparation of quantities required to calculate the proposed construction of the sub-segment of the bidding project the amount of physical works, according to the nature of project site is divided into sub-segment or a component on the list as part of tender documents for the bid price basis in units of fill. inserted through the relatively flat price bid and co-price, reasonable to choose the best bidder.
quantities can not be used, should be tender with the tender document notes, contract documents, technical specifications and drawings used in combination. BOQ now has the following forms: (1) Direct cost price method . direct costs that the bill of quantities unit price by the labor, materials, components and machinery costs, according to a fixed work, material, machine consumption standards and prices and access to the adjustment of prices to determine direct costs. other direct costs, indirect costs, profit, material difference, such as under the current tax accrual calculation of prices after the inclusion of other appropriate form. This is the most areas of China's current development method used. (2) integrated unit method. integrated unit refers to the completion of a bill of quantities In addition to tax items outside each unit for all costs incurred, a combination of direct costs, management fees and profit. the corresponding quantities of drawings in which sub-part of the physical volume of the meter project, a non-competition period of the cost. Another part of the public (consolidated) list a competitive cost of fees, such as: scaffolding costs, increase high building costs, construction costs and insurance and other organizational measures. In the tender offer, the non-competitive cost of using a fixed basis,
prestashop, and competition Fees are based on the engineering of the actual situation and the strength of their competitive offer. (3) full cost method. All costs are direct costs, non-competitive costs, competitive cost components. The project is divided into quantities general project,
virtuemart template, the tentative amount and Daywork three. general project is tentatively scheduled quantities, in addition to the amount and all the items other than day laborers. provisional sum is included in the contract for engineering in the construction of any part or provision of materials, materials, equipment, services, unanticipated events or provide an amount of the cost. full cost of the contract price is a typical, complete unit contracts, bills of quantities can be formed by a separate component for the preparation of sub-part of subheadings. Meanwhile the sub-objective must be the content and scope of work that defined.
works in a unified calculation rules based on the development set the rules item quantities, depending on project construction drawings to calculate the quantities of each list item, and then obtained according to various sources of project cost information and empirical data calculated the project cost. The preparation process can be divided into two phases: the preparation of the format of quantities and the quantities used to prepare the tender offer. tender offer is in the landlord's engineering calculation based on the results, accordance with their own grasp of the kinds of information, data, combined with business Quota obtained. specific cost quote as follows: (1) sub-list of some of the project cost = sum * integrated unit quantities. Among them, the sub-unit from the manual part of the project fees, materials, machinery costs, management fees, profit etc., and consider the risk of costs. (2) measures to measure project costs = project integrated unit cost measures for the project. which, measures include general project, construction measures for the project, the installation engineering measures measures projects and public works projects, measures the composition of the project integrated unit price and pose a similar sub-project. (3) = sub-unit project offer some of the items measure the project construction cost + fee + fees + other project fees + taxes. ( 4) Price = unit project single project offer. (5) for a project quote = single project offer.
to our current practice is concerned, the Bill of Quantities as a market price formation mechanism, its use mainly in project bidding phase. quantities of the operation from the bidding and evaluation three stage of elaboration. (1) tendering stage. tendering units in the project plan, preliminary design or part of the construction design is completed, you can entrust the preparation of unit base price (or the Bidding Agent) in accordance with uniform rules for calculating quantities, unit project as an object, calculate and list some of the sub-project of Bill of Quantities (should be accompanied by instructions on the construction of the content), as part of the tender documents issued to all bidders. The thickness of quantities, accuracy depends on depth in the design and establishment of the skill and experience. in the amount of sub-part of the project list, project number, project name, the number of units of measurement and engineering units in other items of the tender the project according to the amount of national unity set the rules and list items measurement rules only. monovalent and combined price from the bidders according to their construction design (such as the size of quantities, the choice of the construction plan, construction machinery and equipment of labor, materials, supplies, etc.) and tender units to the project quality requirements and other factors After completing comprehensive assessment. (2) bidders for the tender stage. tenderer after receiving the tender documents, tender documents must first be a thorough analysis and study the drawings carefully to understand. To set out in the bidding documents for review Quantities , depending on whether the tender unit quantities allow the works listed in the error of ways to adjust the decision reviewed. if allowed to adjust, we should scrutinize the list of quantities of various projects listed in quantities of greater error, made through the Q & A will adjust the bid unit of views and reached agreement to adjust the tender units; if allowed to adjust quantities, the amount is not required to conduct a detailed review of the project, only to major projects or project quantity of project approval, These projects have more errors found, you can use to adjust the unit price method to solve these items.
of quantities in the engineering field has a broad application, the construction unit in the tender, they basically come with bill of quantities. This is BOQ provides a good basis for law. It has the following Features and advantages: (1) in favor of the internal construction of a fixed business establishment, and improve enterprise management level within companies in bidding must be fixed with reference to the standard, the standard scale and then apply the market-based labor, materials, mechanical unit, integrated computing their prices. (2) can increase the likelihood of successful enterprises. in the actual bidding process, more generally insured items, the completion settlement amount by the actual engineering calculation, thus the imbalance in the offer to purchase law the project is expected to increase the amount of possible future projects should be appropriate to report its higher price, otherwise, the reported lower. so that even if the initial low price will not affect the profits of the whole project, and will greatly increase the likelihood of winning. (3 ) to eliminate the phenomenon of passing each other, to virtuemart template the project a smooth settlement. BOQ law unit is integrated, not adjustable. As for quantities, except for some hidden project or some unpredictable factors, the other has a drawing or the amount of actual reality. Therefore, in the settlement to be clear and fast. the Bill of Quantities method than other pricing models (budget quota-click method) have better maneuverability. in the settlement after the completion of building works time, usually based on the actual amount of construction work performed by contract approach to adjust.
quantities in determining the price adjustment, the Bill of Quantities law fixed price method is more than the budget advantage. because the budget prepared on a fixed price construction drawing budget mainly by the various regions and departments for compiling the integrated unit to facilitate cost management for unified management, adapted to the centralized planned economy. But when the market labor, materials, price changes Jixietaiban volatile situation, with the budget results of the fixed price method tends to deviate from the the actual level, resulting in errors. higher the volatility of price changes, resulting in greater errors, which
virtuemart template become the fixed price method to estimate the focus of controversy clearing works. And because the bill of quantities method to adjust the unit price is based on the following quantities identified three principles, it can avoid this controversy. determine the price of its principles: (1) The tender offer has applied to adjust the price of quantity, according to the price of the offer has been determined; (2) tender offer Quantity adjustments in the prices of similar, may refer to the offer price has been determined; (3) When the tender offer does not apply to or similar to adjust the price of quantity, in consultation with the contractor by the Employer to determine the price. If the negotiation fails, location of the project can be reported to relevant departments of the provincial or the State Council for examination and determination of project cost management agencies.
Therefore, the implementation of the Bill of Quantities for the construction of operation of the market and norms, have a good role in promoting more conducive to the formation of an open, fair and equitable market environment. In addition, project implementation BQ, control of construction projects conducive to business investment, and promoting technological progress, increased labor productivity, help to improve the quality of cost engineers, making it understand technology, understand the economy, understand the management of the overall development of the compound talents. Also, Bill of Quantities as an internationally accepted method of valuation, in our country help to improve the main building domestic capacity to participate in international competition, more conducive to raising the level of construction management.
the Bill of Quantities is to compare the prevailing international practice, is a more scientific and advanced pricing model is the market price of building products to form an effective way of construction cost method of valuation of the reform a concrete measure, but also with the international practice of the necessary requirements.
the concept of the Bill of Quantities
Bill of Quantities in accordance with the tender requirements, drawings, bidding requirements and provisions of the proposed project and the full content of the engineering calculation based on the unified rules, or a combination of fixed current budget plan that the proposed sub-subheadings bidding the project sub-segment of the physical quantities, according to the nature of sub-project locations and by a component on the list as part of the tender for the bidding, bid price basis in units completed.
quantities usually are bidding for the preparation of capacity units (owners) directly or commissioned engineering cost consultation units proposed, together with the tender sent to the bidders.
Bill of Quantities
methods and characteristics of the common bill of quantities based on methods commonly used at this stage of prestashop Bill of Quantities in two ways:
(1) is followed by the entire international community generally cost integrated unit pricing, unit price of both sub-project includes the completion of the sub-project the direct costs, indirect costs, price adjustment provisions of the relevant documents material spreads, profits and taxes, risk reserve, and all other costs, will be integrated unit with the corresponding quantities after the sum was then multiplied by the total cost of the project;
(2) is the quantity used in our current common unit price method, the first use of quantities on a given amount of sub-part of the project, plans to apply a fixed base price fixed or a combination of budget, to determine project Direct costs, then as a basis for calculations of indirect costs, price adjustment provisions of the relevant documents, materials spreads, profits and taxes, etc., and finally this part of the costs add up with the vested total cost of the project.
tender offer by the first method, the tender offer is the quality of personnel according to their own units, construction machinery and equipment configuration, construction technology, business management level that can truly reflect the preparation of engineering project company individual benefits will facilitate the preparation of the bidding units within the enterprise scale, reasonably determine the project cost, reduce the cost of the project put forward a competitive offer.
second method uses a state or local government building industry, the competent authority or a combination of a fixed scale of the unified budget, which the labor, machinery
prestashop material consumption to the same level of unity, according to this method to calculate the project cost reflects the average cost of social raprestashopr than individual cost of enterprises, so the tender is not conducive to the prestashopmation of a real competition between units, reduce project cost.
present, China is the full cost of the implementation of integrated unit pricing mode (ie the first method), both to the bidding and construction management process and give full play the role of quantities, but also with the international accepted practices, to reduce the project cost, improve quality, shorten the duration of the goal.
the Bill of Quantities of the main advantages
(1) the Bill of Quantities model is the amount of actual control, guide price, price competition, an effective way;
(2) bidders integrated unit with full payment method, you can according to their own management, construction technology, in not less than the cost of the enterprise on the basis of self-quotation, which offer a true reflects the individual unit cost of the tender and construction products, prices, construction market is conducive to the formation of an open, just, fair competition, but also conducive to encourage bidders to improve their management level constantly and technical level;
(3) is conducive to save time, reduce unnecessary duplication of effort;
(4) units can reduce the tender offer bidders overestimate the risk and prevent the risk calculation;
(5) in favor with the international practice;
(6) signed in accordance with the measurement of quantities contract valued favor of the project implementation process settlement.
by the Bill of Quantities of the main playing procedures and precautions
(1) to do preparatory work for bidding. Advisory unit owners or the preparation of quantities;
(2) units of quantities prepared by the completion of the tender as part of the contents of the tender documents with the tender documents issued to bidders with the bidding units receiving the tender documents, the first volume under the list of engineering drawings review, without his wife's access, you can project the amount of sub-part of the quote, if you find errors larger quantities, bidders can not arbitrarily change quantities, but should be written to, or directly to units to clarify the bidding;
(3) determine the tender offer;
(4) through the analysis of quantities unit price of each of the sub-unit price determined, the tender units to tender units to provide the bill of quantities are required to complete each unit price of harmony, and finally the aggregate is the combined total project cost price;
(5) pricing in the evaluation, engineering and bill of quantities is virtuemart template the principle of reasonable low price in the price of the combination, in order to bid, bidders may occur between the acts of vicious competition, then direct costs of the works should be prohibited, that the project cost as a competitive cost, the cost should be lower than the tender offer price as the bid rejection treatment. Bidding units to ensure the legitimate interests of both parties are not infringed.
Bill of Quantities
pattern of construction cost management reform in the new biology, only to be constantly improve and standardize and improve the social and economic benefits, to ensure project quality, protection of national and public interests and the parties to participate in the bidding the legitimate interests of the formation of truly open, fair, fair competition and the new construction market order, establish a truly complete the development of the socialist market economy based on market prices of quantities form pricing model.
References
[1] Shen Wei. project valuation. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, Beijing Jiaotong University Press, 2008
[2] Liu Changming. project bidding management. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2008
[3] > GB 50500-2003
This is a project cost pricing of a major reform. A long time, on contract pricing, fixed pricing to project budget as the main basis. With the rapid development of China's construction market, the tender system, the gradual implementation of contract system, and the accession to the WTO (WTO) and international standards and other requirements, project cost valuation based on the deepening of reform. In recent years, Guangdong, Jilin, Tianjin and other places have the Bill of Quantities carried out the pilot, and achieved encouraging results, construction costs are generally lower for the preparation and use of the fixed project budget problems, the Ministry of Construction proposed a control volume, guide price, competitive costs, The full implementation of construction projects BOQ, is imperative.
To this end, I think the BOQ process is usually divided into the following steps:
one team set up a reasonable offer - offer an experienced team able to report for a reasonable prices, improve the successful rate is crucial. Offer the ideal team is usually composed of the following:
1. Experience with similar projects and intends to tender the project manager as the staff;
2. Senior Cost Engineer;
3. Familiar with the local market, materials engineers, mechanical and electrical engineers;
4. Financial Officer and so on.
Second, careful analysis of the offer shows that norms and the list of audit checking quantities in question - quote shows that the list used in the specification and notes as an important part of the tender documents should be carefully read, understand, thorough, so when the offer can be clearly included in the list of quantities of work, avoid omissions or misunderstandings. If the basis of earth digging, the owners given Quantity If 2600m3, then the bidder calculated earthwork could reach 4400m3, and the bidder should take into account other work, for example a row of surface water, retaining plate, cut trailer coupling, substrate solder exploration expenses. When the list provided by the large quantities of error, for an experienced project manager or the cost engineer can usually be found. This requires that the amount of work for review. Review of the methods of technical indicator method, using the relationship between the amount of related engineering review law.
three field visits to the scene and Q - For tender documents is unclear or biased understanding of the place should take the initiative to the scene to view, or questions to the tender side, requiring a clear answer. If a project tender documents clearly indicate that the project uses × × sand sand sand plant beans, less than 10Km away from the site. The actual construction, they find that the quality of × × sand plant failure, only to buy another sand plant from the site 25Km, the actual increase in shipping, construction side only themselves. Another example of a comprehensive high-rise building foundation handling the tender, the requirements of waterproof curtain, well dewatering cost of a fixed price package to die because the costs involved with the supporting measures, rainfall measures, construction period based on a combination of factors and groundwater flow, and because the project is located in the downtown area, underground pipeline complex, tender side is also not expected that the cost of the exact number. After several on-site viewing and access to large amounts of data, I designed a reasonable construction of units support, precipitation measures and accurately quote the price for creating favorable conditions for the final bid.
four, split the list, look for multi-material prices, so that specialist sub-contractors to quote on professional project - material prices play an important proportion of the total cost. List item before the bidding proper split, so that material suppliers and water, paint, ground handling and other specialist sub-contractors to quote and grass, respectively, Kam agreement, aggregate price and considering the management of these costs, profit taxes, etc., and then calculate our offer, do the following two advantages: First, find reputable specialist sub; second sub-reasonable prices.
Pay attention to offer strategies and techniques - the above work is completed, each child in determining when the price usually offer some strategies can enhance the probability of winning, but also conducive to the project after winning smooth implementation of the common methods are as follows:
unbalanced bidding method: in a lump sum is determined, tender, without prejudice to the premise of winning may be the purpose of internal quotation virtuemart template appropriate adjustments. Such as: the work is paid for the content of pre-determined higher price (eg: start-up costs, facility fee, earthwork, foundation and structural parts, etc.), the unit price of the latter part of the work scheduled to be lower content (such as road surface, the roof renovation, construction site clean-up and scattered ancillary works, etc.), the adjustment is generally about 10%, which is conducive to recovery and working capital funds in advance, this not to mention unreasonable demands that the contractor; for the adjustable part of the project is estimated to increase the amount of future projects may be appropriate to raise its price, but may reduce the amount of engineering projects, unit price can be reduced. If certain projects in the tender, the tender part of the project provided for the amount of underground structures can be adjusted; if the scene view by the foundation is poor, estimated to increase the amount of concrete, in which case an appropriate increase in price based on some concrete, so that final account will be down of profit; for a fixed fee for belonging to a certain project will happen, the price can increase, so do not affect the bidding price, capital and can recover in time. For a provisional sum (or engineering), analyzes the possibility of doing a big future, the price may be appropriate to be high, estimated not to do, the price can be lower, this the full research, wealth of information, accurate information and the accumulation of experience; time workers generally can be properly placed high, because it is not included in the total, occur in real calculations.
unbalanced bid law the end result should be: the level of quote cancel each other, but can not see the total price; performance formed when a small number will be less complete, price reduced, losses to a minimum; quantity, but also more complete, price increase, the contractor will be able to get greater profits. More profits, loss, or profit together.
six, the final audit Quote - According to regulations, the list filled out by hand the tender offer must be provided prestashop purchase list. On a complex project, such as a full cast of 20,000 square meters of high-rise housing, including construction, decoration, plumbing, installation works, the list of codes have several hundred. And each machine has a different talent levels, according to prestashop talents of each machine coded program content, combined with the market price to a section of the set of prices that would be incredible, so must the cost of using computer prestashop specialized software to complete the coding project group price. Therefore, cost of inventory method requires quantities must have the capacity software applications.
In short, the price level is an enterprise management level, technology level, equipment level, the concentrated reflection. Orderly market competition by continuously improving their overall level of competitiveness, and orderly market competition, and constantly improve their overall level of competitiveness, survival of the fittest, and ultimately the formation of management practices, competitive and orderly society Marxist construction markets. Let us keep up needs to be a thinker and engineering, but also understands the project management of complex economic and human resources to meet post-WTO China's social and economic development, and construction challenges of a new upsurge.
Author: Taiyuan Taiyuan Railway Bureau built the first
pricing quote before bidding, is the application of At this stage, companies must change the traditional construction, according to the construction drawings and budget based on fixed pricing and other models offer. Because at this time to face together with the tender documents received, the proposed project bill of quantities. In this list, the tender has been by construction administrative department of publishing reference to the average consumption for the preparation of the fixed. Independent Pricing information quoted market prices. This new pricing model compared with the traditional pricing model has been fundamentally different, the new pricing model to give the construction companies play to their ability to stage management, but also a certain amount of competition to take the risk. Therefore, before the construction unit in the tender must pay sufficient attention to the following questions:
1, there is a list of possible omissions
construction companies offer prior to the design drawings and the Although the list of omissions liability is bidding for additional ways to study. Otherwise, the tender offer for the list items are not complete and distortion, leading to the settlement of disputes or economic loss.
2, list the characteristics of the project there will be incomplete or inaccurate description of the situation
under the constitute a comprehensive portfolio and calculate the unit price basis. Construction companies to complete the main basis to determine the specific needs of the project Such as: municipal pipe network laying pipe in pipe laying, list only the columns of the main project project characteristics to expression. But limited to the design depth and the list of producers on If you discover such problems before the offer should also be clarified with the tenderer in time. Otherwise, because of the two contracting parties issued a partial list of items
3,
Unit labor costs required for the project, materials, mechanical royalties, management fees and profits, and to consider the risk factors. sub-segment of Quantities In this regard, the construction enterprises inconvenience offer direct pricing. Pricing for each list item must be, according to its structural characteristics or construction process is decomposed into several projects until a specific pricing. According to the basic principle of the development scale, whether fixed or fixed budget enterprise, is a simple construction process, and the most basic unit of measurement to measure and determine their consumption. The list is expressed by a number of This requires the construction enterprises in determining the The consumption should be provided for the actual construction business consumption of fixed, should include construction, transportation, installation and other aspects of all the losses.
Thus, the construction enterprises in the application of the Bill of Quantities regulatory process, the scientific and rational way to determine If you offer too high, it will because they can not meet the Even if the successful bidder will also reduce the operating profit, or even due to price lower than cost, resulting in because they do not meet the opportunities.
construction contract in terms of process, impact of projects should focus on the problem of clearing the following:
3.1 list of omissions discovered after winning issue
usually reserved prestashop construction companies before the tender offer is very limited time, so virtuemart template happens after winning the list there are still omissions discovered the case, then whether the list for omissions, contracting parties may be issued the focus of controversy, it should virtuemart template a concrete analysis on this issue. List of omissions measure whether the standards should be the design and construction drawings prestashop If the project construction drawings express the contents of the works to express the contents of the a subsidiary of prestashop project by incorporating integrated unit pricing.
paragraph Choi Hing Building Certified Public Accountants
3.2 list item or change the number of
design changes may directly increase or decrease the list of projects, or design changes due to changes in the work content of a part of the project, and evolved a new list item, or list of quantities may be provided by the computational error, or direct result of engineering design changes and changes in the number of
3.3 base changes in billing costs due to change
The first is the amount of sub-part of the project (project entities in part) the number of changes in costs caused by measures to change due to changes in the basis of calculation. Because the number of entities and measures for engineering costs directly related to, for example: the physical surface area of concrete projects and measures the number of related project templates; entities, project-based and measures the depth of precipitation on the construction project; entities and measures the height of the building project and the vertical transport machinery Scaffolding on and so forth. Second part of the project is divided into the number of changes and measures the amount of fee changes, fees and taxes caused by changes in the basis of calculation changed. Because the cost of construction entities and measures the value of the determination of fees and taxes related to the former for the latter basis.
3.4 material prices change
performance of the contract during the construction period, the consolidated bid price among the people since the purchase price of materials change, or the bidders quote the material in the integrated unit price change, or a case of project cost management announced price adjustments and so on.
not difficult to see such a situation will lead to changes in contract prices for these variables, the construction unit should use the period before the signing of the contract terms of the contract for serious study, based on the possible occurrence of the above nature, the appropriate preventive measures and solutions in the use of Special Conditions of Contract For example: For the price of materials change, the change should be agreed to adjust the scope, magnitude, and specific method for the adjustment and so on. Although the If the construction contract prior to the above parties made a specific agreement, and the terms of the contract in the form of special construction contract included among the settlement or review of the project, and the occurrence of a judicial appraisal of economic disputes, it should be from about.
After
to the project construction contract entered into before the settlement of the application After two stages for more than the problem is still not taken into account, it should be under the Engineering performance of the contract settlement is the result of the economy, if the construction companies to press the Some of it is very small.
short, the Construction enterprises in the process should be carefully studied, master The only way to be able to apply good
Registered Architect Experience: Chinese cities
architectural features of the crisis
Bill of Quantities prestashop
Linear Mode
