armore conjugal units with corresponding need for non-kin
accessory institutions. Reurbanizationthough by 1000 less pro-
nounced than in the Eastand partly based on kinship initiative
pointed in the same direction.
Latin Christendom suffered from deurbanization more severely
than the Byzantine world because its cities depended more on state
subsidization. Rome itselfwith a population in its palmiest days of
a millionwas by the tenth century down to 10000. Its people had
withdrawn from the hillsas the Aurelian walls became indefensible
to the Campus Martius and the bend of the Tiber. From here they
only emerged with monastic promotion of new housesnotably by
Abbess Ermingarde in the eleventh centuryin a kind of spiritual uxo-
rilocal recolonization.
28For much of the periodRome was a denu-
cleated post-city without a centre: an archipelago of hamlets with
gardens and farmletsvinyards and ?ax?eldsclustered round wells
and the acqueducts repaired by Pope Hadrian I (772�C795). The great
basilicas such as Santa Maria Maggiore continued to offer their
stational liturgies and to receive gifts from the Popesbut their pro-
cessions must often have been through grass-grown streets and s,
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