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Personally Identifiable Data (PII), as utilized in information security, refers to details that may be utilised to uniquely determine, speak to, or find a single particular person or can be utilized with other resources to uniquely determine a single person. The abbreviation PII is widely accepted, nevertheless the phrase it abbreviates has 4 common variants depending on individual, personally, identifiable, and identifying. Not all are equivalent, and for legal functions the powerful definitions vary dependant upon the jurisdiction and the purposes for which the term is being used.
Although the principle of PII is historic, it's become significantly more important as details technological innovation and also the World wide web have produced it easier to gather PII, foremost to some rewarding market in accumulating and reselling PII. PII can also be exploited by criminals to stalk or steal the identity of the particular person, or to program a person's murder or robbery, amid other crimes. Like a response to those threats, several website privacy policies specifically handle the assortment of PII, and lawmakers have enacted a sequence of legislation to limit the distribution and accessibility of PII.
one Examples
two In privacy legislation two.one Canada
2.two United states of america of The usa
2.3 European Union (member states)
2.four United kingdom & Ireland 3 Forensics
four Private safety
5 See also
6 References
7 External links [edit] Examples
The following data, often utilised for the express purpose of distinguishing individual identification, clearly class as PII under the definition utilized by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (described in detail below):
Full name (if not widespread)
National identification number
IP tackle (in some cases)
Vehicle registration plate number
Driver's license number
Face, fingerprints, or handwriting
Credit card numbers
Digital identification
Birthday
Birthplace
Genetic information
The following are less often utilized to distinguish personal identity,Discount Tiffany Jewelry, because they are traits shared by several people. However, they are potentially PII, because they may be combined with other individual information to discover an person.
First or last name, if frequent
Country, state, or city of residence
Age, especially if non-specific
Gender or race
Name of the school they attend or workplace
Grades, salary, or job position
Criminal record
When someone wishes to remain anonymous, descriptions of them will often employ several of the above, such as "a 34-year-old white male who works at Target". Note that information can still be private, in the sense that someone could not wish for it to turn out to be publicly known, without being personally identifiable. Moreover, sometimes multiple pieces of details, none sufficient by itself to uniquely recognize an specific, may possibly uniquely discover an individual when combined; this is one reason that multiple pieces of evidence are usually presented at criminal trials. It's been shown that, in 1990, 87% of the population of the United states could be uniquely identified by gender, ZIP code, and full date of birth.[1]
[edit] In privacy law
The U.S. government utilized the term "personally identifiable" in 2007 in a memorandum from the Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget (OMB),[2] and that usage now appears in US standards such as the NIST Guide to Protecting the Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Info (SP 800-122).[3] The OMB memorandum defines PII as follows:
Details which can be utilized to distinguish or trace an individual's identification, such as their name, social safety number, biometric records, etc. alone, or when combined with other individual or identifying details which is linked or linkable to a specific personal, such as date and place of birth, mother’s maiden name, etc.
A term similar to PII, "personal data" is defined in EU directive 95/46/EC, for the functions of the directive:[4]
Post 2a: 'personal data' shall mean any details relating to an identified or identifiable natural particular person ('data subject'); an identifiable particular person is one who might be identified,Tiffany Sale, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or far more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity;
Another term similar to PII, "personal information" is defined in a section of the California data breach notification law, SB1386[5]:
(e) For functions of this section, "personal information" means an individual's first name or first initial and last name in combination with any one or much more of the following data elements, when either the name or the data elements are not encrypted: (one) Social security number. (two) Driver's license number or California Identification Card number. (three) Account number, credit or debit card number, in combination with any required protection code, access code, or password that would permit access to an individual's financial account. (f) For purposes of this section, "personal information" does not include publicly available info that is lawfully manufactured available to the general public from federal, state, or local government records.
The idea of data combination given in the SB1386 definition is key to correctly distinguishing PII, as defined by OMB, from "personal information", as defined by SB1386. Info, such being a name,Tiffany Ring, that lacks context cannot be said to be SB1386 "personal information", but it must be said to be PII as defined by OMB. For example, the name John Smith has no meaning in the current context and is therefore not SB1386 "personal information", but it is PII. A Social Security Number (SSN) without a name or some other associated identity or context data is not SB1386 "personal information", but it is PII. For example, the SSN 078-05-1120 by itself is PII, but it is not SB1386 "personal information". However the combination of the valid name with the correct SSN is SB1386 "personal information".[6]
The combination of the name with a context may also be considered PII; for example, if a persons' name is on a list of patients for an HIV clinic. However, it is not necessary for the name to be combined with a context in order for it to be PII. The reason for this distinction is that bits of details such as names,Pandora Charms On Sale, despite the fact that they might not be sufficient by themselves to make an identification, could later be combined with other details to recognize persons and expose them to harm.
According to the OMB, it is not always the case that PII is "sensitive", and context may be taken into account in deciding whether certain PII is or is not sensitive.[7]
[edit] Canada Privacy Act (governs the Federal Government agencies) [edit] United states of America
Recently lawmakers have paid a great deal of attention to protecting a person's PII. One of the primary focuses of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), is to protect a patient's PII. The U.S. Senate proposed the Privacy Act of 2005, which attempted to strictly limit the display, purchase, or sale of PII without the person's consent. Similarly, the (proposed) Anti-Phishing Act of 2005 attempted to prevent the acquiring of PII through phishing.
U.S. lawmakers have paid special attention to the social protection number because it may be easily employed to commit identification theft. The (proposed) Social Safety Number Protection Act of 2005 and (proposed) Identification Theft Prevention Act of 2005 each sought to restrict the distribution of an individual's social security number.
On the other hand, several businesses see this increasing load of legislation as excessive, an unnecessary expense, and a barrier to progress. The increasing complexity of the laws might force companies to consult a lawyer just to engage in simple business practices such as server logging, user registration, and credit checks. Some have predicted such measures could inhibit the industry as being a whole, lowering wages and creating a barrier to entry. For this reason, a number of privacy laws stress the "acceptable uses" of PII, such as Massachusetts' Public Records Law and Fair Info Practices Act.
State Laws and Significant Court Rulings
California The California state constitution declares privacy an inalienable right in Write-up one, Section one.
California Online Privacy Protection Act(OPPA) of 2003
SB 1386 requires organizations to notify individuals when PII is known or believed to be acquired by an unauthorized particular person.
In 2011, the California State Supreme Court ruled that a person's ZIP code is PII. [8] Nevada Nevada Revised Statutes 603A-Security of Individual Details Massachusetts 201 CMR 17.00: Standards for The Protection of Private Details of Residents of the Commonwealth [9] This short article is outdated. Make sure you update this short article to reflect recent events or newly available details. Please see the talk page for far more information. (April 2010)
Proposed Federal Bills
Privacy Act of 2005
Info Protection and Protection Act
Identity Theft Prevention Act of 2005
Online Privacy Protection Act of 2005
Consumer Privacy Protection Act of 2005
Anti-phishing Act of 2005
Social Safety Number Protection Act of 2005
Wireless 411 Privacy Act
Federal Law
Title 18 of the United states Code, section 1028d(7)
US "Safe Harbor" Rules (EU Harmonisation)[citation needed] [edit] European Union (member states) Post 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Directive 95/46/EC (Data Protection Directive)
Directive 2002/58/EC (the E-Privacy Directive)
Directive 2006/24/EC Post 5 (The Data Retention Directive)
Further examples could be found around the EU privacy internet site.
[edit] United kingdom & Ireland The UK Data Protection Act 1998
The Irish Data Protection Acts 1998 and 2003
Write-up 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
The UK Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
Employers' Data Protection Code of Practice
Model Contracts for Data Exports
The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003
The UK Interception of Communications (Lawful Business Practice) Regulations 2000
The UK Anti-Terrorism, Crime & Security Act 2001
The UK Privacy & Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 [edit] Forensics
In forensics, the tracking down of the identification of the criminal, personally identifiable info is critical in zeroing in within the subject. Criminals will go to great trouble to avoid leaving any PII; they wear masks (faces and hair are PII), gloves (fingerprints are PII),Tiffany Bracelets, clothing that covers private marks (tattoos and scars are PII) and avoid writing anything in their own handwriting (handwriting could be PII). Also, much more modern 'masks' may possibly be utilised, such as using a proxy IP address to avoid currently being tracked online as easily.
[edit] Individual safety
In some professions, it is dangerous for a person's identification to become known, because this details might be exploited violently by their enemies; for example, their enemies might hunt them down or kidnap loved ones to force them to cooperate. For this reason, the Usa Department of Defense (DoD) has strict policies controlling release of PII of DoD personnel.[10] Numerous intelligence agencies have similar policies,Tiffany Kette subscription req’d, sometimes to the point where employees do not disclose to their friends that they work for the agency.
Similar identity protection concerns exist for witness protection programs, women's shelters, and victims of domestic violence and other threats.
[edit] See also Personal identifier
Private identity (philosophy)
Pseudonymity
Anonymity [edit] References [edit] External links [1]. Office of Details Technology PII
Security Guidelines and Best Practices
A History of Privacy Issues: Personally Identifiable Information. Discusses privacy issues of the P-Trak system.
Network Advertising Initiative. An internet advertising industry group defining guidelines to protect privacy, definitions of PII.