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Reprinted from alumni of the user at 20:25 on October 2nd, 2010 Read (loading. ..) Comments (0) Category: Personal Diary
compulsory one
1, _ the basic unit of protein amino acids, the basic elements are C, H, O, N
2, amino acids of the general formula: R peptide bond:-NH-CO-
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NH2-C-COOH
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H
3, the number of peptide bonds of water molecules off = _ = the number of amino acids - peptide chain number
4, amino acid peptide molecular weight = weight x number of-x amino acid number of water molecules 18
5, nucleic acid types of DNA: and RNA; basic elements: C, H, O, N, P
6, DNA's basic unit: deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA's basic unit: ribonucleotide
7, nucleotide consists of: 1 phosphoric acid molecule, a molecular five-carbon sugar, a molecule of nitrogen bases.
8, DNA mainly in the nucleus,
belstaff sale, containing the base is A, G, C, T;
RNA mainly in the cytoplasm, contains the nucleotide A, G, C, U;
9, cells of the main energy source is carbohydrates, direct energy source is ATP.
10, glucose, fructose, ribose are monosaccharides;
sucrose, maltose, lactose is the second sugar;
starch, cellulose and glycogen are polysaccharides.
11, lipids include: fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
12, a large number of elements: C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg (9 ��)
trace elements: Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Mo (6 ��)
basic elements: C, H, O, N (4 ��)
the most basic elements: C (1 ��)
main elements: C, H, O, N, P, S (6 ��)
13, the water in cells forms: free water, bound water.
14, cells contain most of the compounds: water.
15, hemoglobin in the inorganic salt is: Fe2 +, the chlorophyll in the inorganic salt is: Mg2 +
16, accepted by most scholars, called the fluid mosaic membrane model model
17, membrane components: proteins, lipids and small amounts of carbohydrates. The basic skeleton of the cell membrane is the phospholipid bilayer.
18, the membrane structure is characterized by: a liquid; functional features are: selective permeability.
19, with double-membrane organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts;
non-membrane organelles: ribosomes, centrosomes;
a \
a \
a \
a \
found in animal body and some lower plants, and animal cell mitosis is the center of the body organelles.
and plant cell wall formation, protein and animal cells is the Golgi organelle.
20, the structure of the nucleus, including: nuclear membrane, chromatin and nucleoli.
nucleus functions: storage and replication of genetic material is place in cell metabolism and genetic control center.
21, prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells the most important distinction: whether the nuclear membrane as boundaries, the nucleus
22, material from high concentration to low concentration of the membrane mode of transport is: free diffusion and facilitate diffusion; need vector mode of transport is: to assist diffusion and active transport; need to consume energy mode of transport is: Active Transport
23,
belstaff jacket, the chemical nature of enzymes: the majority of proteins, few are RNA.
24, enzyme characteristics: high efficiency, specificity, the role of mild conditions.
25, ATP adenosine triphosphate is the name, structural formula is: A-P ~ P ~ P. ATP is the direct the activities of life
energy, known as the energy \
26, ATP and ADP into each other's reaction: ATP enzyme ADP + Pi + energy
27, animal cells synthesized ATP, the energy required from the role of respiratory;
synthesis of plant cell ATP, the energy required for photosynthesis and respiration from
28, includes two types of pigment in leaves: chlorophyll and carotenoids. The former also includes chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
, which include carotene and lutein. Distribution of these four pigments in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
29, the main absorption blue-violet light and red chlorophyll, carotenoids absorb blue-violet light. Therefore, the photosynthetic efficiency of blue-violet light and red high.
30, photosynthesis reaction: see compulsory for a P 103
31, of photosynthesis release oxygen, the oxygen atoms from the water.
32, the green pigment extraction and separation experiments, anhydrous ethanol is dissolved pigment, silicon dioxide is used to grind the full, calcium carbonate is to prevent the destruction of pigment.
33, and the filtrate liquid chromatography can not thin, thin line on the filtrate in order to prevent the pigment dissolved in liquid chromatography, resulting in test failure.
34, after the separation of filter paper pigment, the pigment with a top to bottom are: carotene, lutein, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b.
35, including two stages of photosynthesis: light and dark reactions. The former place is the thylakoid membrane, which place is the chloroplast stroma.
36, to provide light reaction dark reaction [H] and ATP.
37,
belstaff outlet, aerobic respiration reaction: see compulsory for a P 93
38, anaerobic respiration of the two reaction: see compulsory for a P 95,
39, the main features of mitosis: chromosomes and the spindle appears, and then chromosomes equally between two daughter cells.
40, causes cells: selective gene expression
41, detection of reducing sugars with Fehling reagent, which by the 0.1g/ml the NaOH solution and 0.05g/ml the CuSO4 solution composition, reducing sugar reacts with the brick red precipitate formation. Note that when using the existing service is used.
42, identified in the fat tissue available and the Sudan dye Sudan �� �� dye. The former fat orange dye, which stained red.
43, identified proteins can be used in biological tissue Biuret reagent. When you first add NaOH solution, add 2 to 3 drops of CuSO4 solution. Purple complex reaction.
44, commonly used to stain chromosomes or aceto carmine dye is gentian violet solution.
45, \
46, protoplasm layer, including: cell membrane, vacuole membrane and the cytoplasm between these two films.
47, Janus Green dye is a specific dye staining of mitochondria in living cells, mitochondria of living cells can show blue-green.
48,
belstaff jackets outlet, in secreted protein synthesis, processing,
belstaff leather, transport and secretion process, including the organelles: ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria.
49, amino acids form a peptide chain, the way through dehydration condensation.
50, when the external solution concentration is greater than the concentration of cell sap of plant cells and plasmolysis phenomena; when the external solution concentration is less than when the cell concentration, plasmolysis of plant cells after the recovery phenomenon.
51, are the cell membrane and other membrane selective permeability (Features) film.
52, place of cellular respiration including: cytoplasmic matrix and mitochondria.
53, aerobic respiration, glucose is the first stage of the reaction, the water is in the second phase of the reaction, oxygen is the third stage in the reaction. The third stage, the release of energy the most.
54, the greater the cell volume, the smaller the relative surface area of the cell material and the lower transport efficiency. Cells, the relationship between surface area and volume limits cell growth.
55, continuously dividing cells, starting from the completion of the first division to the next until the completion of the first division, known as a cell cycle.
56, mitosis occurred between the period of the main changes are: completion of DNA replication and the molecular synthesis.
56, mitotic division of the characteristics of each stage:
pre-main features are: chromosomes, spindle appears, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear;
The main characteristics of the mid
: chromosome centromere neatly arranged in the equatorial plate;
The main features of the late
chromosome centromere is neatly arranged in the equatorial plate:;
The main characteristics of the late
: chromosomes, spindle disappears, the nuclear membrane, nucleolus appears.
57, the role of yeast type of alienation: facultative anaerobic
58, detection of yeast culture medium in the production of CO2 can be used to clarify the lime can also be used bromothymol blue solution. CO2 which can change from blue to green and then yellow.
59, detect the production of alcohol orange potassium dichromate solution available. In acidic conditions, the solution chemical reaction with the alcohol become gray-green.
60, mitotic importance is the parent cell's chromosomes were reproduced accurately equally between two daughter cells.
61, unlike animal cells, plant cell structure, mainly in its include: cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole
62,
belstaff coat, in the individual development in a cell by one or the offspring, in the form, structure and physiological function of the difference occurred on the stability of the process is called cell differentiation.
63, use of plant tissue culture is the principle: cell totipotency.
64, determined by the genes of cells automatically end the process of life called apoptosis.
65, the chromosome of human and animal cells have been related to the existence of genes and cancer: tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogene.