音乐、摇滚乐、美公民间音乐。新音乐固然保留了原有的形式，但却在上述多少种较老的形式上推出了全新的，拥 有独创性的内容，其翻新的力度连新音乐家们自己也始料不迭。这种改革是发生1966～1967年。在那之前 ，布鲁斯音乐始终是黑人抒发哀伤感情的重要形式。由布鲁斯音乐派生出的摇滚乐是富有节奏感的舞曲音乐，民间 音乐无论是老歌还是新曲颇受大学生的欢送。这三种音乐从音乐和文明的角度来看都特点赫然。直到1965年， 三种音乐都没有反应出全新的意识状态。布鲁斯音乐表达的是黑人的思维情绪；摇滚乐表现的是青年人的勃勃活气 ,
nimbus asics；民间音乐则表达的是反战情感和爱与盼望。
1966～1967年音乐发生了自发性改变。在美国，这种转变来源于在旧金山上演的充斥青春气味的摇滚 乐队；在英国，皮头士(甲壳虫)乐队则是这场变更的领头羊，此时它已发展成十分优良的极具个性的摇滚乐队。 当时发生的情景，如用语言可能表白出来是这样的：首先是将分类的音乐流派融会在一起，鲍勃·狄伦和杰弗逊飞 机乐队演奏了民间摇滚乐，一种伴有摇滚节奏的民间音乐。白人摇滚乐队开始尝试演奏布鲁斯音乐。当然，在这之 前白人乐手常常演奏布鲁斯，但基础上是模仿黑人的作风。但这时这种融合演奏开始成为白人乐队本人的音乐。所 有这些乐队都向更宽的折中和彼此融合的方向发展，他们随便继续了爵士乐与美国城市音乐的成分，随着时间的推 移，他们鉴戒了甚至更多种类的素材，发展成为一种形式丰盛多彩、表示内容简直无所不能的音乐。
产生的第二件事是所有的乐队都开端应用全套的电子乐器和电子扩音技术。电子吉他是件老式的乐器，但同新 的电子音响合在一起效果截然不同，使一位1967年新听到这种音响的听众感到，世界上以前可能从未有过这样 的声音。确实，电子技术使这种声音成为可能，直到那时，不任何乐器可能奏出这样的声音。在录音室制造录音时 ，新技巧能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表演都吹奏不出的后果。电子放大器能让音量有惊人的增大，使音乐变得尽量 响和有穿透力，而人耳又可以蒙受，以此来实现“整体”效果。所以，听众不再是被动的听众，而是全身心参加的 听众，感触到音乐正撼动着他们每一处神经跟每一根筋骨。
第三，音乐成了多媒体的休会，音乐成为全部场景的一部门，舞厅墙壁上的灯光变幻不定，灯光表演这种新艺 术就是这样开始的。听众们不是翘首而坐，而是边听边舞。跟着家庭有了唱盘，听众就努力去模拟这种照明效果， 甚至用药物来强化这种整体感想。通常音乐在户外演奏，在户外，大天然供给了这种环境。
【课文难点注解】
1．Folk music，old and modern，was popular among college students.
形容词短语作状语，相称于一个妥协状语从句，即whether it was old and modern.
［例句］Coal miners ，old and young，all went on strike.矿工们无论是年青的还是年迈的都加入了罢工。
All the machines，old and new，will be on sale.所有的机器无论是旧的仍是新的都将出卖。
1．…a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been….
might/may well do…，是习习用法，意为很可能会，有理由，值得…等。
［例句］They might well do that experiment. 他们可能会做那个试验。
He might well think that nothing had happened. 他可能会以为什么也没发生过。
3．Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume ，the music becoming as loud…，the music becoming as loud…，是个独破结构，逻辑主语为the music，becoming是其逻辑谓语，相称于一个状语从句，这种构造的主语与主句的主语不一致，其逻 辑谓语能够是分词，也可以是形容词、副词、介词短语等。
［例句］The old man sat down，his face pale with pain（介词短语）.
The meeting over，everyone went out.
People were seen in holiday dresses， their faces shining with smiles
当初分词).看到人们衣着节日的服装，笑颜满面。
They had to live in the open，the storm having destroyed their house
现在分词).他们不得不住在露天，暴雨把他们的屋子冲垮了。
【课文练习答案】
Ⅰ. 1.d 2.a 3.b 4.d 5.b
Ⅱ. 1.original 2.transformation 3.distinct 4.spontaneous 5.individual
6.essentially 7.diverse 8.live 9.imitate 10.out of doors
Ⅲ. 1.maintenance 2.spontaneity 3.popularity 4.expression 5.rhythm
6.distinction 7.penetration 8.immigration 9.transformation 10.synthesis
Ⅳ
1．a.blues b.rock’n roll c.folk music
2．a.an essentially black medium b. rhythmic dance music
c. popular among college students
3．a.In the United States，it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San
Francisco.
b. In England，it was led by the Beetles，who were already established as an extremely
fine and highly individual rock group.
4．a.The separate musical traditions were brought together.
b.All the musical groups began using full range of electric instruments and the
technology of electronic amplifiers.
c. The music becomes a multi-media experience;a part of total environment.
Ⅴ.
1．The new music was built out of the three forms of music in existence .
2．Rock'n roll，with its strong beat was popular among young people.
3．The Beetles were a famous rock group in England.
4．The modern music stresses the participation of the audience and listeners in the performance.
5．Electronic amplifiers made the music penetrating.
【词汇训练谜底】
Ⅰ. 1.a.music b.musical c.musically d.musician
2.a.conscious b.Consciousness c.consciously
3.a.limited b.limits c.limitation d.limitless
4.a.original b.originated c.originality
Ⅱ. 1.synthesis 2.studio 3.spontaneous 4.readily 5.passive
6.multimedia 7.distinct 8.sentiment 9.anti-war 10.eclecticism
Ⅲ.
1．This chapter is on the transformation of heat energy into dynamic energy.
2．A crowd of people gathered spontaneously on the spot of the accident.
3．The quarrel originated from misunderstanding.
5．The troops took over this city since 1949.
6．You should not take on so much work for the sake of your health.
第二局部 Text B
【课文译文】
不同类型的作曲家
在我看来，音乐史上有三类不同的作曲家，他们都以各自不同的方法创作音乐作品。
最能激发大众设想力的作曲家是靠灵感即兴创作的类型，即弗朗兹·舒伯特型。当然，所有的作曲家都受灵感 的启发，但舒伯特型的作曲家得到的即兴灵感更多一些。音乐就像泉水从他的心中喷涌而出，多得他都来不及敏捷 地把乐谱记到纸上。我们通常可以根据曲作多产来断定这一类型的作曲家。在某些月份里，舒伯特日作一歌；雨果 ·伍尔夫也是如此。
从某种意思上说，这类作曲家与其说是从某一音乐主题开始创作，倒不如说一开始他们就有一个完全的作品。 他们老是对较短篇作曲创作最善于。即兴创作一首歌曲要比即兴创作一部交响乐容易得多。持续长时光靠灵感进行 即兴创作不是件轻易事，即便舒伯特也是在处置较短篇情势的音乐更得心应手。靠灵感进行即兴创作只是作曲家的 一品种型，并存在其本身的局限性。
贝多芬属于第二种类型，我们可以称之为创建型作曲家。这类作曲家可以作为例子，更好地阐明我们的创作进 程的实践，由于他们确切是以音乐主题开始构思的。就贝多芬来说，无疑就是从这样的音乐主题开始的，咱们仍保 存着他记载音乐主题的笔记本。从他的笔记中，我们可以懂得他是怎样重复修正他的音乐主题——他是怎么尽量使 他的音乐主题完善才肯罢休的。贝多芬不是舒伯特式的即兴灵感型的作曲家，他是从音乐主题开始的那种类型，再 使其成为初步创立型，而后再依据这一构思，日复一日地苦干，写出一部音乐作品。贝多芬时代以来的多数作曲家 都属于第二种类型。
第三种类型的作曲家，因缺乏更好的称呼，我只好称之为传统型作曲家。帕莱斯特里纳和巴赫属于这一类型。 他们二人都是出生在音乐史某一时期的代表作曲家。在这一时期某种音乐风格行将发展到其壮盛阶段。这个时期的 问题是用人们熟习的认可的风格创作音乐，并用一种比任何前人更好的方法来创作音乐。
传统派作曲家是从主调而不是从主题开始创作的。帕莱斯特里纳的创作不是主旋律概念，而是对断定好的格调 进行个人处理。甚至巴赫当时已晓得，他创作的风格各异最具备灵感的48首《均匀律钢琴曲》是填入这种总的正 式模式的。不问可知，我们现在已不是生涯在传统派的时期了。
为了全面起见，还可以加上第四种类型的作曲家——开辟型作曲家，如17世纪的杰苏阿尔多，19世纪的穆 索尔斯其和柏辽兹，以及20世纪的德彪西和埃德加·瓦雷兹。概括这样一个多样庞杂群体的作曲办法是艰苦的， 但可以确定地说，他们的作曲方法与传统派型作曲家的偏偏相反。他们明白地反对用惯例的方法解决音乐方面的问 题。在很多方面，他们的立场是摸索性的——他们力求增添新的合声，新的音色，并力图创立新的正规音乐理论。 开拓型作曲家在17世纪之交和20世纪初期曾是特点凸起的典型，但现在其特色已远不如从前那么 显明了。
【课文难点正文】
1．…I can see three different types of composers in musical history， each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.
whom是个关联代词，代指three different types of composers，领导的是一个非限定性定语从句，作介词宾语时，代词是宾格，作动词宾语也要用宾格，如 是指物，必定要用代词which，见第三页解释No.3
［例句］There are 2，000 workers in this factory，of whom 800 are college graduates.
这家工厂有2000名工人，其中800名是大学毕业生。
There were three groups of children he was supposed to teach， each of whom would
be taught at different levels.
有三组孩子要他来教，他们当中的每一组将要从不同的水平教起。
2．It is a question at such a time of creating music in a well-known and accepted style…
at such a time是介词短语，在句中作状语，把question的修饰语 of creating …割裂开了，留神such在此处是形容词,
girls polo shirts，当修饰可数名词单数时such要置于不定冠词a/an之前。
［例句］He got here on such an occasion. 他在这样一种场所达到这里的。
She gave him such a great surprise. 她给了他一个如斯大的惊喜。
3．One can safely say that their approach to composition is the opposite of…
approach是个名词，意为方法，如是做某事的方法，后接介词“to”，作途径讲 时也用介词to，这也是常测试的重点，相似的词还有：way，method，solution，answe r，key等。
［例句］All the approaches to the palace were guarded by soldiers.所有通往王宫的路都由士兵扼守着。
That is a good solution to the problem. 那是解决这个问题的好方式,
prada bag 2011。
4．The creative act with Palestrian is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern.
这里的not…so much as意为“与其说…不如说…”，或“不是…，而是…。
［例句］He is not so much a writer as a re porter.与其说他是个作家，倒不如说他是个记者。
He is not so much unintelligent as uneducated. 说他不聪慧，还不如说是未受教导。
【课文训练答案】
Ⅰ. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.F
Ⅱ.
1．the spontaneously inspired(Franz Schubert)type，the constructive type，the tranditionalist type
2．Well
3．completed composition，musical theme
4．shorter，a stretch 5.creative，musical theme
5．notebooks/case
6．preliminary
7．pattern，theme
8．for the sake of
9．harmonies，sonorities，formal principles
【词汇练习答案】
Ⅰ. 1.a 2.b 3.b 4.b 5.a
Ⅱ. 1.invariably不变地 variable易变的，变量 variety各种各样 various 各种各样的
2.creative创造性的 create发明 creation创造
3.composer作曲家 compose作曲，写作 composition 作曲，作文
4.characteristic典范的，有特点的 character品德，特征，人物
characterize描绘，表现，塑造 characterization刻画，塑造
5.diverse多种多样的，不同的 diversified多样化了的，不同的
diversify 使…多样化 diversity多样化，多种多样
6.tradition传统，风俗 tradtional传统的 tradtionalist传统主义者， 传统派
7.construct建设，建造 constructive建设性的,
paul smith glasses，踊跃的 construction建设，修筑，建造物
8.fruit生果，果实，结果 fruitful硕果累累的，多产的 fruitless不成果的，无收效的
【语法练习答案】
Ⅰ.
1．Young as she was，she was quite experienced in this work.
2．Hard as they tried，they couldn't find a solution to this problem.
3．Little did they realize that they had made an important discovery in science.
4．No sooner had we put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.
5．Hardly did I expect that his condition would turn for the worse.
6．Not only should we work hard ourselves，we should also get other people interested in the work.
7．Not until you talked with him did he realize the seriousness of his mistake.
8．Never did he expect that the project would be completed so soon.
9．Rarely did we see anyone so devoted as she to medical science.
10．Scarcely had she said the words when she began to regret it.
11．Ahead of us lie many difficulties.
12．Far in the distance lay ranges of mountains covered with forests.
13．Next to him stood Edgar Snow.
14．Standing in the doorway was a young man in blue uniform. 15.Out rushed the man and his wife.
Ⅱ.
A:1.The second point I'll explain later.
2.This one I shall send by ordinary mail.
3.All these we shall take into full account.
4.What you've just said，I'll always keep in mind.
5.This we shall understand.
B:1.The time has now come to put an end to this practice.
(润饰the time)
2.The question will arise of how to prevent air pollution.
(修饰the question)
3.The belief is commonly held that Englishmen are more reserved than Americans.
(修饰the belief)
4.A list will be sent to you of the major items they have produced.
(修饰a list)
5.The order soon came that we have to leave the small town immediately.
(修饰order)
Ⅲ.
1．He likes sports very much.So does his child.
2．She did not like this idea.Nor did her husband.
3．Only in this way can we expect to do our work well.
4．Not until in 1990 did I know he was a teacher of English.
5．Never has any country made so great an effort to develop industry .
6．Not far away from the bridge was a tall building.
7．Not only did they work hard，but they worked very well.
8．Before us were walking a crowd of Young Pioneers.
9．Had I been informed earlier，I would have been of help.
10．I worked in a small factory in Wuxi last year.
素材上发展起来的：它们是布鲁斯
Linear Mode
