Lara Croft - tunnel car wash systems - car wash machine manufacturer
Development history
Lara Croft was designed as the lead protagonist of Core Design's video game Tomb Raider, which began development in 1993. Lead graphic artist Toby Gard went through about five designs before arriving at the character's final appearance. He initially envisioned a male lead character with a whip and a hat. Core Design co-founder Jeremy Smith characterized the design as derivative of Indiana Jones,
moncler vests, and asked for more originality. Gard decided that a female character would work better from a design standpoint. He also claimed a desire to counter stereotypical female characters, which he has characterized as "bimbos" or "dominatrix" types. Initially, Smith was skeptical of a female lead because few games at the time featured them. However, he felt a female lead would to be a great hook, and decided to put faith in Gard's idea. Inspired by pop artist Neneh Cherry and comic book character Tank Girl, Gard experimented with different designs, including a muscular woman and a Nazi-like militant. He settled on a tough South American woman with a braid named Laura Cruz. Eidos managementhe series' publisherreferred a more "UK friendly" name, and selected Lara Croft from similar-sounding English names found in an English telephone directory. Along with the name change, the character's back-story was altered to incorporate a British origin.
Since the first Tomb Raider video game, Lara Croft has been depicted by a 3D model composed of polygons. The polygons form a wire-frame model (left) that is covered with textures (right) to portray more detail.
One of Gard's main concerns was to animate the character realistically, an aspect he felt the industry at the time had disregarded. He sacrificed quick animations in favor of more realistic movement, believing that players would empathize with the character more easily. In the first Tomb Raider, Lara Croft's character model is made of around 230 polygons. The graphical limits at the time required the removal of the character's braid from the model. While adjusting the character model, Gard accidentally increased the breasts' dimensions by 150 percent. After seeing the increase, however, the rest of the creative team argued the change should remain. Core Design hired Shelley Blond to voice Lara Croft after the game enter the beta phase of development. Gard left Core Design after completing Tomb Raider, citing a lack of creative freedom and control over marketing decisions related to the ideas he developed, specifically Lara Croft.
Core Design would improve and modify the character with each installment. In Tomb Raider II, the number of polygons in the character's model was increased and more realistic curves were added to the design. Other changes included new outfits and manoeuvres. Crawling was planned to be implemented as an additional gameplay option, but was omitted. Actress Judith Gibbins took over voice acting responsibilities and stayed on through Tomb Raider III. By the third game, the developers increased the number polygons in Lara Croft's 3D model to about 300, and introduced more abilities to the gameplay. For Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation, the developers wanted to reintroduce the character to players and included a flashback scenario with a younger Lara. Core Design expanded the character's set of moves three fold to allow more interaction with the environment like swinging on ropes and kicking open doors. The character model was altered to feature more realistic proportions. Jonell Elliott replaced Gibbons as the voice of Lara Croft. By the time development for The Last Revelation began, Core Design had constantly worked on the series for four years and the staff felt they had exhausted their creativeness. Feeling the series lacked innovation, Core Design decided to kill the character and depicted Lara Croft trapped by a cave-in during the final scenes of the game.
With the character dead, Tomb Raider Chronicles depicted Lara Croft via flashbacks told by her friends. The game introduced stealth attacks, which would carry over to the next game, Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness. While the original development team worked on Chronicles, Core Design assigned a new team to develop Angel of Darkness for the PlayStation 2. Feeling that the then next generation consoles would be very different from previous ones, Adrian Smitho-founder of Core Designanted to reinvent the character to keep pace with the updated technology. Core Design conducted market research, including fan polls, to aid in Angel of Darkness's development. The development team felt they could not alter the character and instead opted to place her in a situation different from previous games. The PlayStation 2 hardware allowed for a more detailed character model and more manoeuvres. The number of polygons in Lara Croft's character model increased to 4,400. The team sought to add more melee manoeuvres to better match Lara Croft's portrayal as an expert fighter in her back-story. Movement control was switched from the directional pad to the analog control stick to provide more precision. After the original team finished Chronicles, they joined the development of Angel of Darkness. However, excess content, missed production deadlines, and Eidos's desire to release the title in conjunction with a Tomb Raider film, resulted in a poorly designed game; Lara Croft was brought back to life without explanation and the character controls lacked precision.
Toby Gard, Lara Croft's designer, left Core Design in 1997, but return to work with Crystal Dynamics as an consultant.
Switch to Crystal Dynamics
Angel of Darkness received a negative reception, which prompted Eidosearing financial troubles from another unsuccessful gameo give development duties for future titles to Crystal Dynamics. The Legacy of Kain development team began work on a new title (Tomb Raider: Legend), and Toby Gard returned to work as a consultant. The development team reassessed the brand value of the franchise and its protagonist. Chip Blundell, Eidos's vice-president of brand management, commented that the designers understood that fans saw the character and brand as their own, rather than Eidos's. With that in mind, the team retooled the franchise and character to emphasize aspects of the original game that made them unique. The storyline intended for a trilogy of games that started with Angel of Darkness was abandoned.
In re-developing the character, Crystal Dynamics focused on believability rather than realism. Decisions were focused on "What could Lara do?", and the team tried to give the character's action more freedom. They updated the Lara Croft's move set to make the character's movements appear more fluid and continuous. The animations were also updated so the character could better interact with objects in the environment. The developers introduced a feature that causes the character's skin and clothing appear wet after swimming and dirty after rolling on the ground. Responding to criticism directed at the character controls in Angel of Darkness, Crystal Dynamics redesigned the character's control scheme to provide the best third-person action experience. The developers also introduced close-quarter melee manoeuvres. Crystal Dynamics updated the character model to add more realism, but retained its caricatured design. The polygon count was increased to over 9800, and more attention was paid to the character's lip syncing and facial expressions to allow for dynamic emotional responses to in-game events. In redesigning the character's appearance, Crystal Dynamics updated Lara Croft's hairstyle, wardrobe, and accessories. The shirt was changed to a V-neck shirt, Lara Croft features more muscle tone, and the braid was switched to a pony tail. Keeley Hawes was hired to voice the character. The changes made in Legend were carried over to Tomb Raider: Anniversary, a remake of the first game. Minor changes were made like more detail added to Lara Croft's character model.
Tomb Raider: Underworld continued the plot line established in Legend. Crystal Dynamics used new technology to improve the character for seventh generation consoles, with focus on improving realism. The dirt accumulation and water cleansing mechanic from Legend was altered to be a real-time mechanic that can involve the entire game environment. Spherical harmonics add indirect lighting to in-game objects like Lara Croft to make them appear more natural in the surroundings. The character model is more complex and detailed than previous installments. It has more texture layers that determine the appearance of shadows and reflective light on it, and uses skeletal animation to portray believable movement. The developers enhanced Lara Croft's facial model by increasing the number of polygons, bones used in the animation skeleton, and graphical shaders in the face to add more detail and expressive capabilities. The hair was created as a real-time cloth simulation to further add realism to its shape and movement. As a result, the developers kept Lara Croft's hair tied back because they felt a real person would not want it flying around while performing dangerous manoeuvres. The character's body shape was increased and breast size reduced to portray more realistic proportions.
The developers tried to redefine Lara Croft's actions by questioning what they felt the character was capable of. While previously games used hand-animated movement for the character, UnderWorld introduced motion captured-based animation to portray more fluid, realistic movement and facial expressions. Stuntwoman and Olypmic Gold medalist Heidi Moneymaker was the motion capture actor, and also advised the designers what movements were practical. The recorded animation was later adjusted by animators, and blended to create seamless transitions between the separate moves and simultaneous combinations of them. The blends and additional animations are also meant to give the character more flexible movement. Actions were overlapped to allow for multitasking, such as aiming at two separate targets and shooting with one hand while the other holds an object collected from the environment. Other additions include more melee attacks, as well as contextual offensive and climbing manoeuvres. Crystal Dynamics sought to make the visual appearance of the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions identical, although the systems use different techniques to achieve this. In response to Underworld's sales figures that failed to meet Eidos's expectations, the publisher reportedly considered altering the character's appearance to appeal more to female fans.
Design
Lara is depicted as an athletic woman of English descent, who has brown eyes and frequently keeps her long brown hair in a plait or ponytail.
The character's classic costume is a turquoise sleeveless Bodysuit, light brown shorts, calf-high boots, long white socks, fingerless gloves, a backpack, a utility belt with holsters on either side and two pistols, an outfit appearing in nearly every Tomb Raider game to date. Variations on this theme, such as camouflage pants and black or light-brown shirts, have appeared in some games and she has worn a wet suit for a watery environment or trousers and a jacket for a colder area.
Appearances
In video games
Lara Croft first appeared in the 1996 video game Tomb Raider, introduced in the manual as Lord Henshingly Croft's disinherited daughter, who has survived a Himalayan plane crash. The game follows Lara's search for the "Atlantean Scion" artefact, and her encounter with an ancient ruler of Atlantis. Tomb Raider II, released in 1997, centres around Lara's search for the Dagger of Xian, an artefact loosely based on Chinese mythology. During her search, Lara faces a cult obsessed with using the artefact's power to their own ends. In Tomb Raider III Lara seeks ancient meteorite fragments which convey strange powers and became associated with various cultures' myths.
In 1998 and 1999, three expansion packs were released that expanded the gameplay of the three video games. Tomb Raider: Unfinished Business (Tomb Raider Gold in North America), depicted Lara escaping the Great Pyramid and returning to Egypt. Tomb Raider II: The Golden Mask featured Lara searching for an artefact with the power of resurrection. In The Lost Artefact, Lara searches for the Hand of Rathmore, a fifth meteorite piece.
Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation, released in 1999, depicted Lara accompanying archaeologist Werner Von Croy to Cambodia and developing her interest in ancient civilisations. Lara searches for artefacts associated with the god Horus so that she can defeat Set, who has possessed Von Croy. That game contains an extra level, known as the "Times Exclusive Level", which has The Times of London hiring Lara to explore some passages under Tutankhamun's tomb.
In Tomb Raider Chronicles, released in 2000, most of the game focuses on previously untold earlier adventures featuring Lara finding the Philosopher's Stone, the Spear of Destiny, helping in an exorcism and breaking into a building to steal an artefact. Von Croy searches for Lara, but her fate is left unresolved.
In 2000 Lara first appeared on Tomb Raider on the handheld Game Boy Color game console. The story is unrelated to the original Tomb Raider and follows Lara's search for the Nightmare Stone. Tomb Raider: Curse of the Sword (2001) sees Lara facing off against a cult which plans to use her body to revive a witch. In Tomb Raider: The Prophecy (2002), Lara fights to defeat Teg-du-Bhorez, who is searching for three magical stones with the power to end the world.
In the 2003 game, Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness, Lara appears alive and well, but the segment explaining her survival was cut from the final game. (Mike Resnik's novelization Tomb Raider: The Amulet of Power depicts Lara being rescued from beneath a collapsed pyramid.) While revolving around artefacts connected to the Nephilim and Lara's search for these after she is accused of murdering Von Croy, the game also introduced Kurtis Trent,
men moncler, the first playable character (other than Lara) in the series.
Tomb Raider: Legend (2006) like previous games does not use the backstory provided in the original game's instruction manual, and even contradicts it.
Several flashback sequences depict a nine-year-old Lara (voiced by Charlotte Asprey) surviving a plane crash in Nepal with her mother, Amelia Croft. Amelia disappears after reprising the Arthurian legend by pulling a sword from a stone; the entire game deals with Lara's search for an Arthurian artefact. Surviving a journey to Kathmandu, she contacts her father (now named Richard, not Henshingly, Croft) and grows up in the care of her archaeologist father. At 18, Lara inherits the Croft estates along with the title "Countess of Abbingdon."
Tomb Raider: Anniversary, a 2007 remake of the first game in the series, changes the original story for consistency with Lara's backstory in Legend. Anniversary implies that Lara had searched for the Atlantean Scion, which her father believed to hold clues about Amelia's disappearance.
For Tomb Raider: Underworld (2008), Lara's movements were based on those of Olympic gymnast and stuntwoman Heidi Moneymaker recorded through motion capture techniques. Lara is searching for Thor's hammer, Mjllnir, and acquires Thor's gauntlets,
abercrombie a&f, belt and hammer whilst attempting to enter Helheim in search of answers concerning her mother's disapperance.
In 2009, two downloadable levels were added on Xbox Live for Underworld. In the first of these, Beneath the Ashes, Lara explores dungeons beneath her manor, and she discovers the "Eitr Stone", which can control thralls. The second level, Lara's Shadow, features Lara's doppelgnger as the playable character.
In film adaptations
Actress Angelina Jolie considered the Lara Croft role a "big responsibility", citing fans' high expectations.
Lara Croft has been portrayed in two feature films by Academy Award winning actress Angelina Jolie. The films depicted Lara Croft's backstory differently than games prior to Legend. In the games, the character's parents are alive, while in the films, her mother died in a plane crash and her father disappeared in Cambodia. The first, Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, was released in 2001. The film follows Lara Croft as she encounters the Illuminati, a group searching for a relic able to control time. In 1998, Paramount Pictures acquired the film rights for Tomb Raider. Producer Lloyd Levin stated that the film makers tried to capture the essence of the video game elements rather than duplicate them. Acknowledging the character's "huge fan base" and recognizable appearance, director Simon West sought an actress with acting ability and physical attributes similar to Lara Croft. Paramount also received input from Core Design on casting. Rumored actresses included Pamela Anderson,
nike airmax, Demi Moore, Jeri Ryan, and Carla Pivonski.
Jolie was eventually cast to play Lara Croft. Prior to the film, she was not a fan of the character. However, Jolie considered the role as a "big responsibility", stating that high expectations from fans resulted in anxiety. Producer Lawrence Gordon felt she was a perfect fit for the role. Jolie braided her hair and used minimal padding to increase her bust a cup size to 36D for the role. She felt that Lara Croft's video game proportions were unrealistic, and wanted to avoid showing such proportions to young girls. Jolie trained rigorously for the action scenes required for role, occasionally sustaining injuries. Her training focused on practicing the physical skills necessary to perform the film's stunts. The difficulty of the training and injuries discouraged her, but she continued working through production. Jolie also encountered difficulties when working the guns, bungy jumping, and manoeuvring with the braid. West did not anticipate Jolie doing her own stunts, but was surprised along with stunt coordinator Simon Crane at her ability to perform the film's stunts. By 2008, the first Tomb Raider movie was the highest-grossing video game movie and the largest opening ever for a movie headlined by a woman.
Angelina Jolie reprised her role for a sequel, Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life, in which Lara Croft searches for Pandora's Box against a Chinese crime syndicate. Directed by Jan De Bont, the film focused more on the character's development. De Bont praised Jolie's understanding of the character. He also praised the character's strength, saying he "hates women in distress." Levin commented that the film staff tried to handle the character properly, and consulted with the video game developers on what would be appropriate. Despite the poor reception of the second film, Paramount remained open to releasing a third one. A third movie is currently planned, with David Lin as the producer, and a new actress is currently being sought to play character. Lin intends to reboot the film series with a young Lara Croft in an origin story.
In other adaptations
Since 1997, the character has regularly appeared in comics by Top Cow Productions. Lara Croft first appeared in a crossover in Sara Pezzini's Witchblade, and later starred in her own comic book series in 1999. The stories were unrelated to the video games until issue 32 of the Tomb Raider series, which adapted Angel of Darkness's plot. The series ran for 50 issues in addition to a few special issues. In 2007, GameTap released ReVisioned: Tomb Raider Animated Series via the GameTap TV section of their website. The web series is a collection of ten short animated films that features re-imagined versions of Lara Croft by well-known animators, comic book artists, and writers, including Jim Lee, Warren Ellis, and Peter Chung. Episodes ranged from five to seven and half minutes in length. Actress Minnie Driver provided the voice for Lara Croft. The creative staff was given considerable freedom to re-interpret the character. They did not consult the video game designers, but were given a list of acceptable and unacceptable practices as a guide.
Cultural impact
Promotion and merchandising
Lara croft has appeared on the cover of multiple video game magazines. The character has also been featured on the cover of non-video game publications such as British style magazine The Face, American news magazines Time and Newsweek, German magazine Focus, and the front page of British newspaper the Financial Times. Eidos licensed the character for third party advertisements, including television ads for Visa, Lucozade drinks, G4 TV, Brigitte magazine, and SEAT cars. Pictures ads appeared on the sides of double-decker buses and walls of subway stations. Lara Croft has also appeared on French postage stamps. Irish rock band U2 commissioned custom renders for video footage displayed on stage in their 1997 PopMart tour. German punk band Die rzte's music video for "A Pig Named Men" (German: "Ein Schwein namens Mnner") also features Lara Croft. Music groups have dedicated songs to the character, culminating in the release of the album A Tribute to Lara Croft. Bands and artists including Depeche Mode, Moby, Faith No More, Jimi Tenor, and Apollo 440 donated their songs for the album.
Jill de Jong
Karima Adebibe
Alison Carroll
Many models have portrayed Lara Croft for promotional appearances, earning the character a Guinness World Record for the "most official real life stand-ins".
Since Tomb Raider's inception, Eidos hired several models to portray Lara Croft at publicity events, promotions, trade shows, and photo shoots. Nathalie Cook was the first model, and portrayed the character from 1996 to 1997. Cook was followed by actress Rhona Mitra from 1997 to 1998. At this point, Eidos updated the Lara Croft costume to more accurately match its depiction in the video games. Fashion model Nell McAndrew portrayed Lara Croft from 1998 until 1999 when Eidos fired her for posing in Playboy, which used the character to promote the McAndrew's issue without Eidos's approval. Eidos later donated McAndrew's Tomb Raider costume to a UNICEF charity auction. Lara Weller followed McAndrew from 1999 to 2000. Subsequent models were Lucy Clarkson from 2000 to 2002 and Jill de Jong, who wore a new costume based on Lara Croft's new appearance in Angel of Darkness, from 2002 to 2004. Karima Adebibe became the model from 2006 to 2008, and wore a costume based on the updated version of Lara Croft in Legend. The current model, gymnast Alison Carroll, succeeded Adebibe in 2008 and features apparel based on the character's appearance in Underworld. The number of models prompted Guinness World Records to award the character an official record for the "most official real life stand-ins" in 2008.
Various types of merchandise have been modeled after Lara Croft's likeness. Toy Biz licensed action figures based on the video game version of the characters. Playmates released action figures modeled after Jolie to merchandise Lara Croft: Tomb Raider. Graphic designer Marc Klinnert of Studio OXMOX released 16 scale model kits of the character, and eventually built a full scale version. PlayStation Magazine promoted a life-size Lara Croft mannequin as a contest prize. Tomber Rader: Underworld themes and wallpapers featuring the character were released for the PlayStation 3. Eidos released a brand of Lara Croft apparel and accessories, marketed under the label "LARA". The line included Zippo lighters, wallets, watches, and bathrobes. In October 1997, Eidos held an art exhibition titled "Lara Goes Art" in Hamburg, Germany to promote Tomb Raider II. The exhibit featured selected artwork of the character submitted by artists and fans. Pieces included oil and airbrushed paintings, photo-stories, Klinnert's model, and video from SZM Studioshe studio produced the computer-generated footage for Die rzte's music video and the Brigitte magazine commercial.
In 2009, the British city of Derby (previous home to Core Design), opened a public vote on what to call its new ring road. One of the options was "Lara Croft Way".
Critical reception
The character has been well-received by publications. Lara Croft holds a Guinness World Record as the "most recognized female video game character". The character was given a star on the Walk of Game in San Francisco, California. Publications like PlayStation Magazine, IGN,
backpack north face, Edge, and PlayStation: The Official Magazine have labeled the character as both a video game and cultural icon. Game artist Sandy Spangler listed Lara Croft as an extremely successful character that "broke the mold". Game Informer commented that the character is well-liked around the world, particularly England. Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine described Lara Croft as "one of today's premier videogame and movie heroes", and Play magazine described Lara Croft as "3D gaming's first female superstar". Author Leo Hartas called Lara Croft one of the most famous game women, and described her as independent. Karen Jones of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine described the character as "one of the biggest stars on the PlayStation". In 1998, PlayStation Magazine commented that Lara Croft was one of the most memorable characters on the PlayStation console, and echoed a similar statement in 2004.
Lara Croft is considered by critics and fans alike as one of the most significant game characters in popular culture. GameDaily listed the "smart and ######y heroine" as one of their top 25 video game archetypes, using Lara as an example. In late 2008 MSN named her as the third-most-iconic video game character after Mario and Sonic the Hedgehog.
"Playstation: The Official Magazine" described Lara as a "Comeback Queen" after the good reception of Tomb Raider: Legend after the previous game (Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness) was panned by critics. "MSN Gadgets" described Lara as "Gaming's most Important Leading Lady" and gaming site "Ugo" listed her as number 1 one their list of the "Top 11" of female game characters.
The first two sequels of the series portray the character as being increasingly bloodthirsty and occasionally as not having the option to avoid lethal force against "human" characters. Tomb Raider III was heavily criticized for showing Lara fighting security guards and military police officers. To "address" this issue, Anniversary added a subplot where Lara supposedly felt guilty when she killed for the first time, with Toby Gard stating: "We wanted to make Lara's first kill more meaningful". IGN editor Colin Moriarty has stated that while she began as an intelligent and strong female character, her games grew bland and she became more like a virtual blow-up doll, but added she recently "made a return to form."
See also
Girl Heroes
List of women warriors in folklore
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Craig Glenday, ed (2008-03-11). "Record Breaking Games: Tomb Raider". Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008. Guinness World Records. Guinness. pp. 5859. ISBN 978-1-904994-21-3.
^ a b c Howson, Greg (2006-04-18). "Lara's creator speaks". Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/gamesblog/2006/apr/18/larascreators1. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
^ a b Toby Gard, Jeremy Heath Smith, Ian Livingstone (interviews); Keeley Hawes (narrator). (2007). Unlock the Past: A Retrospective Tomb Raider Documentary. [Tomb Raider Anniversary Bonus DVD]. Eidos Interactive / GameTap. Also known as Ten Years of Tomb Raider: A GameTap Retrospective
^ Yang, Robin (2007-07-27). "The Man Behind Lara". Gamedaily. http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/features/the-man-behind-lara/. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
^ a b c d e Cohen, Mark. "Highscore". Lara Croft: The Art of Virtual Seduction. Prima Publishing. pp. 2122. ISBN 7615-2696-X.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v McLaughlin, Rus (2008-02-29). "IGN Presents: The History of Tomb Raider". IGN. http://retro.ign.com/articles/856/856183p1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
^ Cohen, Mark. "Highscore". Lara Croft: The Art of Virtual Seduction. Prima Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 7615-2696-X.
^ Jenkins, David (1998-10-23). "Interview with Toby Gard". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3292/interview_with_toby_gard.php. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
^ a b c d "She's Had Work Done". PC Gamer (Future US) (166): 53. October 2007.
^ a b "Tomber Raider 2 Preview". PlayStation Magazine (US Imagine Publishing) (1): 4445. September 1997.
^ a b c d e f g h i CVG Staff. "Is Tomb Raider in Deep Water?". Computer and Video Games Presents (Future Publishing) (3): 2029.
^ a b c "Tomb Raider Anniversary Review". Game Informer (GameStop) (78): 2021. October 1999.
^ "7 Years of PSM". PlayStation Magazine (US Imagine Publishing) (88): 3738. September 2004.
^ a b c Jones, Karen (December 2002). "Spin: Where's Lara". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (Ziff Davis) (63): 65.
^ a b "Tomber Raider: Out of the Darkness". PlayStation Magazine (US Imagine Publishing) (68): 4146. February 2003.
^ a b c d e f "Lara Croft Tomb Raider: Legend Preview". Game Informer (GameStop) (146): 8081. June 2005.
^ a b c d e f g "Hype - Tomb Raider: Legend". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (Ziff Davis) (93): 5455. June 2005.
^ "The Next Tomb Raider". PlayStation Magazine (US Imagine Publishing) (77): 5760. November 2003.
^ "Tomb Raider Legend Preview". Game Informer (GameStop) (148): 87. August 2005.
^ Steinman, Gary (October 2008). "Tomb Raider: Underworld Preview". PlayStation: The Official Magazine (Future Publishing) (11): 48.
^ a b Hwang, Kaiser (Winter Holiday 2005). "Tomb Raider: Legend Preview". PlayStation Magazine (US Imagine Publishing) (105): 4445.
^ a b Nelson, Randy (January 2008). "Tomb Raider 8 Preview". PlayStation: The Official Magazine (Future Publishing) (3): 2022.
^ "Tomb Raider Anniversary Preview". Game Informer (GameStop) (165): 7273. January 2007.
^ a b c d "The Evolution of an Icon". Play Magazine Presents Girls of Gaming (Fusion Publishing, Inc.) (5.5). 2008.
^ a b c "Tomb Raider: Underworld Preview". Game Informer (GameStop) (183): 7475. July 2008.
^ a b c d "Tomb Raider: Underworld Preview". Game Informer (GameStop) (178): 6667. February 2008.
^ a b Smith, Rob (August 2008). "Tomb Raider: Underworld Preview". PlayStation: The Official Magazine (Future Publishing) (9): 48.
^ Edge Staff (Christmas 2008). "Tomb Raider: Underworld". Edge (Future Publishing) (196): 95.
^ a b "Tomb Raider: Underworld". Edge (Future Publishing) (186): 3435. March 2008.
^ "Connect: Lara Croft's Makeover". Game Informer (GameStop) (191): 28. March 2009.
^ An image showing Lara's plait
^ An image showing Lara's ponytail
^ Lara's "classic" outfit[dead link]
^ http://wikiraider.com/images/1/13/Legendbasic.jpg
^ http://wikiraider.com/images/3/3b/Divingsuit.jpg
^ http://wikiraider.com/images/2/2b/Antarcticaoutfit.jpg
^ Tomb Raider game manual. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ Core Design. Tomb Raider. (Eidos Interactive). (November 1996)
^ Tomb Raider II game information. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
^ Tomb Raider III game information. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
^ Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation game manual
^ Core Design. Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation. (Eidos Interactive). (November 1999)
^ "The Times - Exclusive Tomb Raider Level Walkthrough and Game Guide". Tombraiderchronicles.com. http://www.tombraiderchronicles.com/tr4/walkthrough/time######clusive.html. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
^ Tomb Raider Chronicles game information. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
^ a b Tomb Raider: the Prophecy on Game Boy Advance. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
^ Stellalune, Tomb Raider for Nintendo DS, Game Boy Color & Game Boy Advance. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
^ Angel of Darkness, press release. Retrieved 2008-12-02]
^ "Legend" press release. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
^ "Legend" game manual. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
^ "Anniversary" press release. Retrieved 2008-12-02.
^ "New tomb raider underworld details". 2008-01-18. http://www.tombraiderchronicles.com/headlines3387.html. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
^ Crystal Dynamics. Tomb Raider: Underworld. (Eidos Interactive). (November 2008)
^ Nguyen, Thierry (July 2006). "Tomb Raider: Legend Review". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (Ziff Davis) (106): 80.
^ Ebert, Roger (2001-06-15). "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20010615/REVIEWS/106150302/1023. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
^ a b c d Cohen, Mark. "Shortcuts". Lara Croft: The Art of Virtual Seduction. Prima Publishing. pp. 110111. ISBN 7615-2696-X.
^ a b c d e Brett, Anwar (June 2001). "The Movie - Lara Croft: Tomb Raider". Visual Imagination Ltd.. http://www.visimag.com/exclusive/fb3_laratomb_display.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
^ a b c d "Team Raider". Starburst (Visual Imagination Ltd.) (274). June 2001. http://www.visimag.com/starburst/274_display_f.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
^ a b Gaudiosi, John (March 2004). "Coming Attractions". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (Ziff Davis) (78): 47.
^ "Reel Gaming: How Games are Invading the Big Screen, Again". Edge (Future Publishing) (186): 78. March 2008.
^ "Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/movies/movie/231574/moviemain.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
^ Gaudiosi, John (December 2002). "Spin: Now Playing". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (Ziff Davis) (63): 72.
^ Gaudiosi, John (November 2009). "Hollywood Remains Game Crazy". PlayStation: The Official Magazine (Future Publishing) (25): 57.
^ a b "Spin: Toon Raider". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (Ziff Davis) (71): 50. August 2003.
^ "All Tomb Raider Issues". Top Cow Productions. http://www.topcow.com/comics/25/all. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ a b "ReVisioned: Tomb Raider". IGN. http://tv.ign.com/objects/949/949229.html. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ Dobson, Jason (2007-05-17). "Gametap To Debut Tomb Raider Doc, Animated Series". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=13995. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ a b Goldman, Eric (2007-07-11). "IGN Exclusive: Lara Croft's Animated Origins". IGN. http://tv.ign.com/articles/803/803551p1.html. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ Canning, Robert (2007-07-29). "SDCC 07: ReVisioned: Tomb Raider Panel". IGN. http://tv.ign.com/articles/809/809041p1.html. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
^ "PlayStation Magazine cover". PlayStation Magazine (Future Publishing) (4). December 1997.
^ "PlayStation Magazine cover". PlayStation Magazine (US Imagine Publishing) (68). February 2003.
^ "Play Magazine Presents Girls of Gaming cover". Play Magazine Presents Girls of Gaming (Fusion Publishing, Inc.) (5.5). 2008.
^ "Official UK PlayStation Magazine cover". Official UK PlayStation Magazine (Future Publishing) (108). March 2004.
^ a b c d "Girls & Games". PlayStation Magazine (Future Publishing) (4): 6971. December 1997.
^ a b Cohen, Mark. "Lara On Stage". Lara Croft: The Art of Virtual Seduction. Prima Publishing. pp. 9093. ISBN 7615-2696-X.
^ a b c Schedeen, Jesse (2008-08-28). "The Many Looks of Lara Croft - Live Action". IGN. http://stars.ign.com/articles/906/906093p1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
^ "GI News: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly". Game Informer (GameStop) (110): 26. June 2002.
^ "Monitor: In Related News". PlayStation Magazine (Future Publishing) (45): 17. May 2001.
^ Cohen, Mark. "With A Paintbrush and Pistol!". Lara Croft: The Art of Virtual Seduction. Prima Publishing. pp. 3640. ISBN 7615-2696-X.
^ "The Big Contest: Lara Croft Mannequin". PlayStation Magazine (US Imagine Publishing) (116): 92. November 2006.
^ "PlayStation Network: Get Free Stuff". PlayStation: The Official Magazine (Future Publishing) (18): 87. April 2009.
^ Cohen, Mark. "Goodies". Lara Croft: The Art of Virtual Seduction. Prima Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 7615-2696-X.
^ Cohen, Mark. "Lara Goes Art". Lara Croft: The Art of Virtual Seduction. Prima Publishing. pp. 3640. ISBN 7615-2696-X.
^ Cohen, Mark. "Smooth Moves". Lara Croft: The Art of Virtual Seduction. Prima Publishing. pp. 7880. ISBN 7615-2696-X.
^ "Road may be called Lara Croft Way". BBC News. 2009-12-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/derbyshire/8390526.stm. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
^ Derby City Council (2009-11-30). "Voting Opens For Ring Road Naming". Press release. http://www.derby.gov.uk/PressReleases/pressreleases/ringroad.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
^ Craig Glenday, ed (2009-02-03). "Hardware". Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition. Guinness World Records. Guinness. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-904994-45-9.
^ "2006 Walk of Game Inductees". WalkOfGame.com. Metreon. Archived from the original on 2008-07-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20080702165340/http://www.walkofgame.com/inductees/inductees.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
^ "Tomb Raider 2 Review". PlayStation Magazine (Future Publishing) (4): 29. December 1997.
^ Rayhill, Ryan (August 2007). "Tomb Raider: Anniversary". PlayStation Magazine (Future Publishing) (126): 82.
^ Hartas, Leo (2005). The Art of Game Characters (18 ed.). Harper Design. p. 50. ISBN 9780060724313.
^ "Lara Croft". Play Magazine Presents Girls of Gaming (Fusion Publishing, Inc.) (3): 8. 2006.
^ Hartas, Leo (2005). The Art of Game Characters (18 ed.). Harper Design. p. 72. ISBN 9780060724313.
^ "What Makes a Good Game?". PlayStation Magazine (Future Publishing) (6): 3132. February 1998.
^ "PSOne Hundred Million". PlayStation Magazine (US Imagine Publishing) (88): 46. September 2004.
^ Lara Croft: Feminist Icon or Cyberbimbo? On the Limits of Textual Analysis
^ http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/##################/top-25-video-game-characters-archetypes/?page=26
^ http://img115.imageshack.us/img115/9826/pollkq7.jpg
^ Top 10 iconic game characters[dead link]
^ Jan 2006 edition of "Playstation: The Ofiicial Magazine"
^ 3. Lara Croft - Features | ################## | Technology | Gadgets - MSN Tech & Gadgets UK[dead link]
^ Lara Croft - Top 11 Girls of Gaming | UGO.com
^ Tomb Raiders Traveler's [sic] Guide: Editorial
^ Tomb Raider: Anniversary game commentary
^ "Wednesday 10: Video Game Characters That Should Die". IGN. 2009-02-18. http://wii.ign.com/articles/955/955082p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
Further reading
Schleiner, Anne-Marie (2001). "Does Lara Croft Wear ######## Polygons? Gender and Gender-Role Subversion in Computer Adventure Games". Leonardo (MIT Press) 34 (3): 221226.
Coupland, Douglas; Ward, Kip (1998). Lara's Book: Lara Croft and the Tomb Raider Phenomenon. Prima Games. ISBN 0761515801.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lara Croft
Official Tomb Raider website
v d e
Tomb Raider series (List of media)
Video games
Main series
Tomb Raider (1996) Tomb Raider II (1997) Tomb Raider III (1998) The Last Revelation (1999) Chronicles (2000) The Angel of Darkness (2003) Legend (2006) Anniversary (2007) Underworld (2008)
Expansion packs
Unfinished Business (1998) II: Golden Mask (1998) III: The Lost Artefact (2000) Underworld: Beneath the Ashes / Lara's Shadow (2009)
Game Boy games
Tomb Raider (2000) Curse of the Sword (2001) The Prophecy (2002)
Films
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (soundtrack) The Cradle of Life (soundtrack)
Other video
ReVisioned: Tomb Raider Animated Series Ten Years of Tomb Raider: A GameTap Retrospective The Action Adventure (interactive DVD)
Comic books
Tomb Raider
Characters
Lara Croft Recurring characters
Key individuals
Toby Gard Ian Livingstone
Composers
Nathan McCree (1996-1998) Martin Iveson (1996-2003) (collaborator) Peter Connelly (1999-2003) Troels Brun Folmann (2006-2008) Colin O'Malley (2008)
Models
Rhona Mitra (1997 to 1998) Nell McAndrew (1998 to 1999) Lara Weller (1999 to 2000) Lucy Clarkson (2000 to 2002) Jill de Jong (2002 to 2004) Karima Adebibe (2006 to 2008) Alison Carroll (2008 to present)
Categories: 1996 introductions | Female video game characters | Fictional archaeologists | Fictional English people | Fictional explorers | Fictional historians | Fictional martial artists | Fictional nobility | Top Cow characters | Video game mascots | Fictional gunfightersHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from November 2009 | Articles with editnotices | Articles containing German language text
topics related articles：
article261
article4791
-the barrier about that also
backpack north face -
Hybrid Mode
