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t is important to realize that the public remains completely passive in this process. The housing shortage alone has eradicated initiative. Most people are glad to take anything allotted them. The house-hunter, deprived of choice, can no longer influence design. Because the mechanism of the free market has been eradicated, the forces of supply and demand no longer operate. Private building is restricted, and private planning outlawed, so that competing forces have been banished, and the central authorities hold mbt uk undisputed sway. The State has a monopoly of planning, and a stranglehold on cheap mbt shoes architectural design. It is therefore able to specify without obstruction how its citizens are to live. In turn, this means that a technocratic elite controls the shaping of the environment; unquestioned, unrestricted and unchallenged. As a result, the Swedes, with some infrequent exceptions, live more or less how and where they are told. Nevertheless, the desirability of avoiding undue strain upon the inhabitants has led to the reconsideration of some planning. It is no longer sufficient to produce housing estates that arrange people in predetermined patterns of density, but it is necessary to create surroundings in which fretting and alienation may be reduced. It has been necessary to coin a term for this concept. In Swedish it is trivselsamhalle, roughly ‘the congenial society’. It was launched towards the end of the 1960s as a promise for the future: the implication, of course, is that society, as mbt shoes australia hitherto formed, was notably uncongenial. In thinking up their ‘congenial society’, the Swedish The Environmental Mill 267 planners have acknowledged that the urge to own a country cottage derives from a legitimate wish to escape from dehumanized living conditions. The National Plan for the 1970s, which specifies the use to which every square yard of Sweden may be put, has been so conceived as to regularize what the Swedes call duplicate dwelling. Henceforth, retreat to the country is to be considered too important for the individual to deal with alone. Municipal ‘leisure villages’ are being introduced to replace the private cottages. These consist of small, mass-produced wooden bungalows, placed closely together, and let, not sold. Mr Rune Johansson defines the aims of leisure planning in these words: ‘Leisure villages are more economical, because they permit four or five mbt shoes sale families to use each <a href="http://www.airforce1fashion.com/air-force-1-classic-mid-c-238.html"><strong>air force one mid </strong></a> cottage during the year, instead of, as under private ownership, each family using one house for about a month each year. The advantages to the national economy are obvious.’ But the government has proceeded slowly. To have banned private cottages abruptly would have alienated a dangerous number of voters of the middle ground. Moreover, mbt shoes review until 1970, about fifteen per cent of the Swedish population owned their mbt shoes online own cottage, and this was not confined to the upper classes. Working men often have a cottage in the country, since the peasant nature of discount mbt trainers the Swedish population means that many urban inhabitants are of farming stock, possessing a little rural property. But, as earnings rise and leisure extends, the ability to purchase a cottage will spread, and a situation might arise in which most of the population would thus be able to escape community control. The government has acted to forestall this. Gradually, as planning zones are fixed, it is becoming correspondingly more difficult to find plots for private building, while municipalities have started to erect their ‘leisure villages’. But this is only regulating the escape valve. Ideally, the Swedish rulers would like to eradicate the desire for a country 268 The New Totalitarians cottage by obviating the need for escape. They have sought to improve everyday living mbt discount conditions in the cities, and in the late 1960s an attempt in that direction was made by changing architecture in order to establish contact with the soil, which environmental planners then saw as the key to the problem. Sociologists had discovered that the chief defect of living in tower blocks of flats was that it produced a feeling of suspension in mid-air, out of contact with the earth. They decided that this contact was vital <a href="http://www.airforce1fashion.com/mens-air-force-1-low-c-9.html"><strong>air force 1 low shoes </strong></a> if tenants were to cultivate a rudimentary sense of being at home. The architects were therefore instructed by the environmental planners to stop concentrating on tower blocks, and to turn to lower structures instead. It had been discovered that four storeys was the limit beyond which the sense of contact with the soil disappeared. But this did not go far enough. The planning authorities accepted a rising demand for a house of one’s own as urbanization proceeded and country dwellers moved to the cities. If it could not reasonably be eradicated immediately, at least it could be brought under control. ‘It has been managed,’ says Mrs Jussil (the town planning official mentioned above), ‘by building two-storey blocks of flats which are indistinguishable from terraced houses.9 buy mbt shoes ‘They give some of the advantages of small houses,’ to quote Mrs Jussil mbt chapa again, ‘and about half the flats have gardens, But they are to let.’ In all probability, this deceit has worked up to a point. Sociological studies have found that blatant juvenile delinquency, while most prevalent in tower blocks, is considerably reduced in terraced houses and their simulations. Towards the end of the 1960s, a form of town planning had been worked out which will probably be definitive for the next decade or so. This consists of a central core of high- mbt shoes sale rise flats, surrounded by lower blocks and terraced houses and, on the outskirts, a few detached, but crowded houses. The Environmental Mill 269 Apart from the requirement, already mentioned, that town planning must bring the citizen within reach of the authorities, the thoughts behind such distribution are these: Most people, when they start their working lives, are either single or live as childless couples. In which case, they want a small flat. They also have to commute, therefore it is most efficient to live in one of the central tower blocks close to underground station, suburban train or bus stop. Then, when they start raising a family, they will want more space close to the ground mbt shoes clearance , so that the children can play outside without being out of sight and earshot. So comes the move to the lower habitations farther out. For those who absolutely require it, and are willing to pay with a higher rent and extra travel to the centre of the suburb, there are the detached houses on the periphery. Then, as the children move away from home (so this official reasoning goes), and the necessity of space departs with them, so can the parents, now middle-aged, return to the modest kind of quarters in which they started. ‘A young mother can look out of her window,’ to quote a town planner, ‘and, see the skyscrapers, and she will have the security of knowing that there, within reach, is a small flat for her to move into when the time comes Cheap mbt shoes . So she feels secure. She won’t have to keep mbt clearance a larger place on. Also, when the children move away, they will have bachelor flats to move into, in the same suburb. You can see the solutions to all your housing needs around you.’ But what of those who eschew being patterned and organized and prefer another way of life ? There would be no ban on them. ‘But,’ quoting Mrs Jussil again, ‘if you are able to get a house, you will have to accept a longer journey to work.’ This will eventually mean two or three hours by car or train. Clearly, the exigencies of transport will add another pressure to keep town dwellers to the officially approved suburbs. It is a maxim of Swedish planners that they must identify 270 The New Totalitarians public need, as distinct from public demand. The one is ‘objective’, and therefore measurable and acceptable; the other ‘subjective’, hence beyond mensuration, and consequently lacking in reality. Needs, being definable, can be directly formulated by an outsider; demand is a matter of individual taste and requires more elaborate forms of influence. In the official Swedish dialectic, demand is further divided into what people really want and what they think they want mbt shoes uk . The former is considered meaningless, and the latter the only reality. This is mbt stockists natural for behaviourists, since their principles entitle them to reason that a man’s requirements are not a matter of free choice, but a product of environment and conditioning. Those dealing with consumer affairs, and most particularly housing, define their task as that of discovering what people think they want, and then persuading them to want the correct thing. This is merely another version of the advertising man’s work of creating demand. It is the same type of manipulation but, instead of being in private hands, it is employed by the State. Given this, the value of a segment of Swedish educational policy becomes apparent. Schoolchildren are taught to be on their guard against private manipulators, but not against public ones. The State consequently has an unchallenged line to the citizen’s subconscious, or whatever mechanism it is that determines his reactions. It has not, therefore, required the mbt clearance arcane skills of sophisticated propagandists to tailor the wants of the Swedes to the requirements of their rulers. Quite ordinary and uncomplicated methods of suggestion have been perfectly adequate: the relatively straightforward ABF propaganda has been remarkably effective. In the case of housing, the average Swede has been more than half persuaded that his desire for a small <a href="http://www.casualphorum.com/viewtopic.php?p=1907038#1907038"><strong>AIR FORCE 1 25TH CITY SERIES | Hogan Shoes Online Store Website ...</strong></a> house of his own is illusory; that what he really wants is a flat in a rigidly controlled environment. In various ways, a kind of indoctrination against small houses has for long been The Environmental Mill 271 undertaken. In a particular ABF course-book on housing, aimed at minor party and trade-union officials, virtually all the material was concentrated on flats. Only a single, small RSS feed &copy; 2011 Internet Marketing Articles